Biotechnology: Molecular Cloning and GMOs Overview Cartes | Quizlet

Cell Cultures

Cells grown under controlled conditions for research.

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells with a nucleus, like human cells.

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells without a nucleus, like bacteria.

Plasmids

Independent DNA molecules used in genetic engineering.

Recombinant DNA (rDNA)

DNA formed by combining DNA from different sources.

Bacterial Transformation

Genetic alteration via uptake of external DNA.

DNA Extraction

Process of isolating DNA from cells.

RNA Extraction

Isolating RNA from cells for analysis.

Protein Extraction

Isolating proteins from cells for study.

Viral Vectors

Viruses used to deliver genetic material into cells.

Electrophoresis

Technique for separating DNA, RNA, or proteins.

Transfection

Introducing nucleic acids into cells artificially.

PCR

Polymerase Chain Reaction, amplifies DNA sequences.

DNA Sequencing

Determining the nucleotide order in DNA.

Scientific Articles

Published research findings in scientific journals.

Web Links

Online resources for additional information.

HEK 293 Cells

Human embryonic kidney cells used in research.

Vero Cells

Kidney epithelial cells from an African green monkey.

HuH-7 Cells

Hepatocyte cell line from a liver tumor.

HeLa Cells

Cervical cancer cells from Henrietta Lacks.

Multicloning Site (MCS)

Region in plasmids for inserting DNA sequences.

Antibiotic Resistance

Gene allowing selection of transformed bacteria.

MAX Efficiency® DH5α™ Competent Cells

Bacterial cells optimized for DNA uptake.

Bacterial Transformation

Process of introducing plasmid into bacteria.

Competent Bacteria

Bacteria that can accept foreign DNA.

Heat Shock Method

Technique for transforming bacteria using temperature.

Plasmid

Circular DNA used for genetic engineering.

Growth Medium

Nutrient solution for bacterial growth.

Petri Dish

A flat dish for culturing bacteria.

DNA Purification

Isolating DNA from other cellular components.

Electrophoresis

Technique to separate DNA/RNA by size.

Mini-Prep

Small-scale plasmid extraction from bacteria.

Midi-Prep

Medium-scale plasmid extraction from bacteria.

Maxi-Prep

Large-scale plasmid extraction from bacteria.

Viral Vectors

DNA molecules for gene delivery into cells.

Gene Therapy

Using genes to treat or prevent diseases.

Adeno-X

Adenovirus vector commonly used in research.

Lentiviral Vectors

Retroviruses for stable gene insertion.

Vaccinia Vector

Viral vector used in vaccine development.

Nucleic Acid Transfection

Introducing nucleic acids into cells intentionally.

PCR

Technique to amplify DNA segments.

Ethidium Bromide

Staining agent for visualizing DNA in gels.

Agarose Gel

Medium for electrophoresis of nucleic acids.

Ladder Sample

DNA size marker used in electrophoresis.

Transduction

Inserting plasmid/viral vector into a cell.

Transfection

Introducing foreign DNA into eukaryotic cells.

Lipofectamine® 2000

Reagent for transfecting cells with DNA.

Calcium Phosphate

Method for DNA transfection into cells.

PCR

Technique to amplify specific DNA sequences.

Amplification

Generating thousands to millions of DNA copies.

Electrophoresis

Visualizing DNA amplification results.

Denaturation Step

Heating to 94-98 °C to separate DNA strands.

Annealing Step

Lowering temperature to bind primers to DNA.

Extension Step

DNA synthesis by Taq polymerase at 75-80 °C.

Taq Polymerase

Enzyme used for DNA synthesis in PCR.

dNTP

Nucleotide building blocks for DNA synthesis.

Buffer with MgCl2

Provides optimal conditions for PCR reactions.

DNA Sequencing

Determining the order of nucleotides in DNA.

Mutation Verification

Confirming no mutations in inserted DNA sequences.

Purified DNA

Isolated DNA for sequencing or amplification.

DNA Primer

Short DNA sequence used to initiate synthesis.

Primer Length

Optimal length for primers is 20-25 nucleotides.

G-C Content

Desirable G-C content for primers is 40-60%.

Tm

Melting temperature for primers, ideally 55-75 °C.

Cell Culture

Growing cells in a controlled environment.

Petri Dish

Container used for culturing cells.

Tm

Melting temperature for DNA strand separation.

Chromatogram

File format displaying DNA sequencing data.

Abstract

Overview of objectives and findings in articles.

Introduction

Review of existing knowledge on the subject.

Methods

Details on experimental procedures and reagents used.

Results

Findings presented in graphs, tables, and images.

Discussion

Interpretation and implications of the results.

References

Citations for facts and sources used.

DNA Extraction

Isolating gene from the organism.

Gene Cloning

Replicating gene sequence for experimentation.

Gene Design

Modifying gene for functionality in new organism.

Transformation

Inserting new DNA into plant cell callus.

Backcross Breeding

Combining traits of transgenic plants with elite lines.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Bacterium causing crown gall disease in plants.

T-DNA

Transfer DNA segment inserted into plant cells.

Ti Plasmid

Plasmid containing genes for tumor production.

Cytokinin

Plant hormone promoting cell division.

Auxin

Plant hormone promoting DNA synthesis.

Virulence Genes

Genes mediating T-DNA transfer to plant cells.

Bacillus thuringiensis

Bacterium used as a biological pesticide.

δ-endotoxins

Crystal proteins with insecticidal properties from Bt.

Bt Corn

Genetically engineered corn containing Bacillus thuringiensis.

Refuge Planting

Planting non-Bt corn to prevent pest resistance.

Buffer requirement

Records must be maintained for two years post-planting.

BPC

Bureau of Pesticide Control overseeing agricultural practices.

PIPs

Planting information protocols for genetically modified crops.

Bacillus subtilis

Bacteria providing cold shock protein for survival.

CspB

Cold shock protein aiding Bacillus subtilis in cold conditions.

mRNA secondary structures

Formed during cold shock, hindering translation initiation.

RNA helicases

Proteins that unwind mRNA secondary structures.

CSPs

Cold shock proteins preventing mRNA refolding.

MON 87460

Drought-tolerant corn hybrid developed by Monsanto.

GMO advantages

Benefits of genetically modified organisms in agriculture.

Pest resistance

Genetic modification reducing crop losses from pests.