Eukaryotes

What are eukaryotes?

compartmentalised by numerous membrane-bound organelles

What are eukaryotes more?

complex and bigger in size (15um-100um)

What is able to be kept separate?

damaged substances

What can be kept optimal?

conditions for certain processes

Animals

no cell wall and carry out ingestion

Plant

cell wall (made of cellulose) and carry out photosynthesis

Fungi

cell wall (made of chitin) and carry out absorption

Protist

any eukaryotic organism that doesn't belong to the animal, plant, or fungal kingdoms

Nucleus and nucleolus

spherical with a double membrane

What is there in the membrane?

pores

What does the nucleolus consist of?

RNA and proteins

What do the nucleus and nucleolus store?

genetic information in the form of chromosomes

What does the nucleolus produce?

rRNA

What does rRNA combine with?

proteins to form ribosomes

Ribosomes

80S

What do the ribosomes not have?

an exterior membrane

Where are ribosomes found?

free in the cytoplasm or bound to ER

What do ribosomes produce?

proteins for use within the cell (enzymes)

Mitochondrion

has a double membrane

Outer membrane

smooth

Inner membrane

folded (fold called cristae)

What are mitochondrion a site for?

ATP production by aerobic cell respiration

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth and Rough

What is ER made of?

flattened membrane sacs (cisternae)

What attaches to the outside of the cisternae?

ribosomes (rER)

What is the ER an extensive network of?

tubules that extends almost everywhere in the cell

What is rER responsible for the production of?

proteins

Where are the proteins produced by the rER transported by?

vesicles to the golgi apparatus for modification

What does smooth ER produce?

phospholipids, cellular lipids and sex hormones

What does smooth ER store?

calcium ions in muscle cells

Golgi Apparatus

consists of flattened sacs (cisternae) stacked on top of each other

What are the two sides called?

cis-side and trans-side

Cis-side

receives products

Trans-side

discharges products

How are they different to rER?

-no attached ribosomes -closer to the plasma membrane -cisternae are shorter and more curved

What does it function in?

collecting, packaging, modifying, distributing and transporting synthesised materials in the cell

Chloroplasts

surrounded by a double membrane

What do chloroplasts contain stacks of?

thylakoids

What is each thylakoid composed of?

a disc of a flattened membrane

What do chloroplasts produce?

glucose and other organic compounds by photosynthesis

Lysosomes

formed from golgi vesicles which bud off

How are lysosomes shaped?

spherical with single membrane

What do they contain a high concentration of?

enzymes

What are they only in?

animal cells

What are lysosomes used to breakdown?

food or unwanted/damaged substances using enzymes

Vacuoles and Vesicles

single membrane with fluid inside

Plant cells

vacuoles are large and permanent

Animal cells

small and temporary (vesicles)

What are vacuoles used for in plant cells?

maintains water balance and internal pressure

What are vessicles used to transport?

substances within the cell

Flagellum and cilia

whip-like structures projecting from the cell surface

What are flagella?

larger with only one present

What are cilia?

smaller with many present

What do they have inside?

microtubules

What are flagellums used for?

movement

Microtubules

small cylindrical fibers

What are microtubules composed of?

the polymer tubulin

Where do microtubules move chromosomes to?

opposite sides of a cell during cell division

What do microtubules help construct?

cell walls

Centrioles

only in animal cells

What do centrioles serve as an anchor point for?

microtubules during cell division

Cytoskeleton

constructed from protein fibers like tubulin and actin

What do cytoskeleton microfilaments help animal cells maintain?

their shape