Psych 110 Midterm 2 UCR

Fovea

A place in the center of the eye, provides the clearest most detailed visual information because the receptors are tightly packed there

What is the direct flow of information in the retina

Rods (Photoreceptor), bipolar cells, ganglion cells (optic nerve, brain)

Tri-chromatic theory of color vision (Young)

3 types of cones in the retina that respond best to different wave lengths of light, 3 independent channels to mix all colors (red, green, blue)

Lateral inhibition

The capacity of an excited neuron to reduce the activity of it's neighbors, disables the spreading of action potentials

What is an on-center receptive field caused by?

Lateral inhibition

A simple cell receptive field in the visual cortex is caused by what?

The summation of inputs from neurons with overlapping on center receptive fields in the lateral geniculate nucleus

What are the 3 major streams of visual processing int eh cerebral cortex

Motion, shape, color

What happens when you record the responses of neurons in a column perpendicular to the cortical surface in the primary visual cortex

You find that neurons ahve similar orientation preferences

Cats eye, surgery just on left, what happens to the neurons

Few neurons in the visual cortex would respond in the left eye

Cats eye, surgery on both what happens to neurons

Equal amount of neurons would respond in both eyes

Magnocellular

Large cells, large receptive fields, specialized for detection of movement

Parvocellular

Small cells, densely packed in the fovea, specialized for detail and object perception

In the geniculate nucleus the projection of ___ cells are segregated from the projection of _____ cells

magnocellular, parvocellular

What does the manifestation of a critical period allow for?

Change responses in input activity in a very young animal

Sensory transduction

Reception/absorbtion of physical enegery and transduction of that energy into neural activity that encodes someaspect of the stimulus

What is a photoreceptors and what are the two types?

It's the 1st recipient of visual information, rods and cones

Bipolar cells

Take information from the photorecptors and sends it the the ganglion cells

What are the 3 types of ganglion cells

Magnocellular, parvocellular, konicellular

What are 3 characteristics of the retina

1) Non uniform receptor density, 2) Central retina correlates with object perception and peripheral retina with motion perception 3) blind spot

Opponent process theory (Hering)

4 channels, red-green, blue-yellow in opposing, we perceive color in opposites. If you start at something black long enough and then look away you see white

Pinna

Outer ear, localizies sound to detect wihc direction the sound is coming from

What is the path of sound waves?

They pass through the auditory canal and strike the tympanic membrane

Tympanic membrance

Also known as eardrum, middle of the ear

Oval Window

A membrane of the inner ear, connected by 3 tiny bones ot the tymppanic membrane

Hair cells

Auditory receptors

Cochlea

A small shaped structure located in the inner ear, helps tell frequency and place

Place theory

The observation that specific sound frequencies cause activiation of hair cells on specific parts of the basilar membrance, like pinao strings, this theory is saying that each frequency can only activate one paino string or hair cells at only place on the membrane but many people disprove this because the basilar membrane is bound too tightly together fo any part of it to be like a piano string

Interaural time difference

Difference in the time of arrival of sounds to the two ears

What areas would cause blindness if they were to be completely destroyed

Primary visual cortex, retina, optic nerve, lateral geniculate

Somatopic representation

An orderly map of somatosensory information

What is the major neurotransmitter that is responsible for buring pain the spinal cord

Substance P

What do the middle ear bones do

Amplify sound

what 3 types of inofrmation doe the brain compare to localize sound

Time of arrival, loudness, phase

What two systems use specialized hair cells to transform mechanical energy into electrical potential for sensation an perception

auditory and vestibular

Gate theory

Where non-painful stimuli can induce pain, when the amount of pain you feel is dependent on other non-painful stimuli

Stress or mood

Alldoynia

Pain actually on your body

Sunburn

Tonotpic mapping

Different sound frequencies activate corresponding regions to the auditory cortex, such that the cortex responds best to lower frequencies in one region an higher frequencies as they move along

Medulla

Allows taste information to have very strong effects on various ingestion behaviors such as swallowing and salivation, soft inner tissue

Population coding

Different patterns of olfactory glomeruli are ativated by different odors

What are the 3 primary categories of mehansenation?

Somtaosensation proprioception, vestibular sensation

Stroke, motor control in right hand

Left motor cortex

Proprioception

A receptor that detects the position or movement of a part of the body. Determines the stretch and tension of a muscle an sends messages that enable the spinal cord to ajust it's signlas. System sense position of your joints and tension in your muscles and tendons

3 different types of movements

Voluntary, involuntary, ballistic

What is a ballistic movement?

A movement that once it's initiated it cannot be modified, such as throwing a ball, the direction of the ball can no longer be changed

What is a motor pool in the CNS?

A group of motor neurons that innervate a given muscle

What is the neurotransmitter at the verebrate junction

Acetylcholine

How can you increase the force of a muscle contractio

Increase the number of muscle fibers activated

What is the role of the basal ganglia

To inhibit unwanted movements

What is the primary cause of Parkinson's disease

Loss of dopamine containing cells in the substantial nigre of the basal ganglia

Fast twitch fibers

Fast contraction but rapid, don't need oxygen at the time but needs it for recovery, oxygen debt

Slow twitch fibers

Sloer contractions but no fatigue, "pay as you go"

Which fiber do you use first?

Slow twich fibers but then you run low on glucose and you result to using fast twitch fibers until your muscles fatigue

Muscle spindle

A kinds of proprioceptor that responds to a stretch

Central pattern generators

Neural mechanisms in the spinal cord that generate rhytmic patterns of motor output. Chewing, breting, wet dog shake. DOES not control the frequency of moevements

Motor program

fixed sequence of movements, yawning and then stretching, a mouse has a routine to clean it'self

Neuromuscular junction

A synapse between a motor neuron axon an a muscle fiber, in skeletal muscle every axon releases acetylcholine at this junction

What does acetylocholine do and what happens if there if a deficit?

It excites the muscle and makes it contract, deficit imparis the movement

Antagonistic muscles

Biceps and triceps, groups of muscles that move boy parts in opposite directions

Are movements more precise when more fibers are used or less?

Less, eyes have tiny precise movements because only a few fibers are activated but a bicep will activate hundreds of fibers making it impossible to have precise moments

Low frequency

Less waves, doesn't matter the height

High frequency

More waves, doesn't matter the height

Low amplitude

smaller waves, doesn't matter the number

High amplitude

Big waves, doesn't matter the number

Coding differential loudness is most effective at

High frequencies

Coding by differential phase is best at

Low frequencies

Mechanosensation

Transduction of mechanical forces into a celluar electrochemical signal

Exterception

External sensation

Enteroception

internal sensation

Somatosensation

Touch, pressure, vibration, pain, thermal sensation

Vestibular sensation

Balance

What does teh dorsal column pathway detect and what is the order?

Touch and vibration. Receptors, hindbrain, thalamus, primary somatosensory cortex

What does the spinothalamic tract detect and what is the order?

Pain, temperature. Receptors, spinal cord (grey matter), thalamus, Secondary somatosensory cortex

Sensitization

Painful stimuli can increase the responsivness of nearby painful stimuli

What regulates thirst and hunger

hypothalamus

Enjoyment of food

amygdala

Striated/skeltal muscle

Controls movement

Cardiac muscle

Hear contraction

Smooth muscle

blood vessels, bladder

Myoepithelial muscle

expel saliva and milk from glands

Stretch reflex

caused by a stretch, when a muscle is stretched the spinal cor sends a reflexive signal to contract it, when a babies leg is pulled out it returns to its' bent position

Golgi tendon organ

Acts as a break against vigorous contraction, inhibits further contractions, responds to increases in muscles contractions