General Biology 1 (for recit)

ROBERT HOOKE

In 1665, he paved the way to the discovery of the cells.

After seeing under the crude microscope he compared to “cellulae”

Cellulae

Latin “little rooms” and so he named it “cells”.

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

a Dutch scientists who had the first sight of humankind into the nature of cells happened in the late 1600’s.

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

He uses a more refined microscope than that of Hooke.

Cell Theory

- The cell is the basic unit of life.
- All living organisms are composed of cells.
- New cells are created from pre existing cells.

The cell is the basic unit of life.

First Postulate

All living organisms are composed of cells.

Second Postulate

New cells are created from pre existing cells

Third Postulate

First Postulate: The cell is the basic unit of life.

- In order that an organism may be considered living, it must have a cell.

Second Postulate: All living organisms are composed of cells.

The declaration of this is from the collaboration between a botanist and physiologist.
German botanist Matthias Jacob Schleiden for plants and Physiologist Theodore Schwann for animals.

Third Postulate: New cells are created from pre existing cells

RUDOLF VIRCHOW, German scientist introduced the 3rd tenet of the cell theory: Omnis cellula e cellula which means “Cells come from preexisting cells.” by union of male and female cells of divisions of single cells.

"Omnis cellula e cellula"

means “cells come from preexisting cells"

ZACHARIAS JANSSEN

In 1590, invented a primitive microscope with his father Hans that later used by Malpighi and Hooke.

ROBERT HOOKE

1663 to 1665, give the name cell after viewing it from a cork.

MARCELLO MALPIGHI (scientist) and NEHEMIAH GREW (botanist)

1665 to 1676, conducted separate investigation on plant cells where they found organelles within the cells of a plant.

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

1670 to 1683, upgraded Janssen’s microscope and he discovered mobile organelles which he called “animalcules.”

ROBERT BROWN

1831, discovered the nucleus and became a major breakthrough in the history of biology.

MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN

1838, he said that the different structures of a plant are all composed of cells.

THEODORE SCHWANN

1839, declared that animals are likewise composed of cells.

ALBRECHT VON KOLLIKER

1840, stated that sperm and egg are composed of cells and that all humans are configured from cells.

LOUIS PASTEUR

1849, discovered fermentation and invented pasteurization.

RUDOLF VIRCHOW

1858, declared that cells come from preexisting cells and with this the cell theory was completed.

1. All known living things are made up of one or more cells.
2. All living cells arise from preexisting cells by division.
3. The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms.
4. The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells.
5. Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells.
6. Cells contain DNA which is found specifically in the chromosome and the RNA found in the cell nucleus and
cytoplasm.
7. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species.
8. Heredity information (DNA) is passed on from cell to cell.
9. All cells have the same basic chemical composition.
10. All living organisms are composed of and depend on cells to function normally.

Some accepted parts of the modern version of cell theory:

- Cell Membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus

Major Parts of the Cell

CELL MEMBRANE

- outermost part, has the role of protecting the cell and its content.

CYTOPLASM

- the middle layer where most of the activities of the cell take place.

Cytosol

organelles are suspended in a gel-like solution called _________

NUCLEUS

- discovered by Robert Brown in 1883, it is the vital part of the cell.

NUCLEUS

- dubbed as the “control center”, directs all of the cell’s activities and determines how a cell should appear and function.

Chromosomes

holds the DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA means?

Ribonucleic acid

RNA means?

Endomembrane system

- consists of network of structures involved in many functions, such as ensuring the adaptation, wrapping and transfer of proteins across the cell.

Endomembrane system

- protein movement is a vital function of this system in carrying out the processes within a cell.

Endoplasmic reticulum

- transport molecules across the cytoplasm and is also capable of assembling new lipids for export to other cell membranes.

ROUGH ER / GRANULAR ER

it synthesize and modify proteins, significant parts in the information of plasma membrane proteins and proteins outside the cell.

SMOOTH ER / AGRANULAR ER

Incorporates proteins into the cisternae and transports synthesized proteins across the cytoplasm.

RIBOSOMES

provide a frame for protein synthesis, they are sites of protein production.

VACUOLES

It allows water passage freely but retains smaller molecules within it, and stores chemicals within the cell.

smaller = animal cell
occupies majority of the cell volume = plant cell

In animal cell vacuoles is ________ while in plant cell it usually ____________

LYSOSOMES

“cell reprocessing area”, where it hacks the chemical bonds of any foreign substance to recycle the raw materials.

LYSOSOMES

“suicide bags” because they do self-destruction in order to save the rest of the
other organelles from being poisoned.

PERIXOSOMES

Somehow resembles a lysosome.

PERIXOSOMES

Shields the cell from being damage.

GOLGI APPARATUS

Stacks of flat framework which held several sacs of secretory granules.

GOLGI APPARATUS

Manufacturer and the shipping center of the cell.

CENTROSOMES

Assist in arranging microtubules to be utilized during the cell division.

CENTROSOMES

Assemble spindle fibers at cell division and contribute to the successful outcome of mitosis.

MITOCHONDRIA

Known as the “animal cell’s powerhouse” – role to produce role energy through cellular respiration.

MITOCHONDRIA

It is also responsible for the production of adenosine triphosphate(ATP) – the cells energy currency.

Adenosine Triphosphate

ATP means?

CHLOROPLAST

Found only in plants and photosynthetic protists.

CHLOROPLAST

In plant cell it is comparable to mitochondrion in animal cells, serve as the site of energy conversion in plant cells.

CHLOROPLAST

The best known for housing chlorophyll

Chlorophyll

the pigment that causes the green color of plants.

Cell Modifications

Are modifications that make a cell different from another type of cell

Nerve cells

have dendrites that receives electric signals from neuron and axons that transmit an electrical signal to another neuron.

Muscle cells

have actin and myosin that allows the muscle to contract.

Red Blood Cells (RBC)

contains a large amount of hemoglobin to transport oxygen throughout the body.

Sperm cells

have flagellum helps them to swim through the vagina.

Plant cells

have chloroplast which allows cell to undergo photosynthesis.

Plant cells

also have cell wall that gives them shape.

Cell to tissue to to organ to organ system to organism

cell development

Zacharias Janssen

1590

Robert Hooke

1663 - 1665

Marcello Malpighi and Nehemiah Grew

1665 - 1676

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

1670 - 1683

Robert Brown

1833

Matthias Schleiden

1838

Theodore Schwann

1839

Albrecht Von Kolliker

1840

Louis Pasteur

1849

Rudolf Virchow

1858

23 pairs, 46 chromosomes in total

How many chromosomes are there in a human body?

24 pairs, 48 chromosomes in total

How many chromosomes are there in a chimpanzee?

1. Chloroplast
2. Cytoplasm
3. Cell Wall
4. Vacuole
5. Nucleus
6. Chromosome
7. Centrosome
8. Lysosome
9. Ribosome
10. Mitochondrion
11. Cell Membrane
12. Golgi Complex
13. Endoplasmic Reticulum

Plant Cell Components

1. Nucleus
2. Nucleolus
3. Nuclear Membrane
4. Chromosome
5. Lysosome
6. Ribosomes
7. Cytoplasm
8. Cell Membrane
9. Golgi Vesicle
10. Golgi Apparatus
11. Smooth ER
12. Rough ER
13. Vacuole
14. Centrioles
15. Mitochondrion

Animal Cell Components

1. Plasma Membrane
2. Lipid Bilayer
3. Hydrolytic Enzyme Mixture
4. Glycosylated Membrane Transport Proteins

Anatomy of Lysosomes

1. Plasma Membrane
2. Lipid Bilayer
3. Urate Oxidase

Anatomy of Perixosome

1. Inner Membrane
2. Outer Membrane
3. Cristae
4. Matrix

Mitochondria Structural Features

Smooth ER

produce lipids, cholesterol and hormones; for detoxification

Tubuline

protein

Microtubules

largest fiber in cell

Robert Hooke

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Rudolf Virchow

Zacharias Janssen

Marcello Malpighi

Nehemiah Grew

Robert Brown

Matthias Jacob Schleiden

Theodore Schwann

Albrecht Von Kolliker

Louis Pasteur

Dendrites

it receives electric signals from neuron and axons that transmit an electrical signal to another neuron.

Dendrites

Nerve cells have dendrites that receives electric signals from neuron and axons that transmit an electrical signal to another neuron.

Actin and Myosin

Muscle cells have ______________ that allows the muscle to contract.

Hemoglobin

RBC contains a large amount of ________ to transport oxygen throughout the body.

Cell Wall

Plant cells have _________ that gives them shape.