SOCI 1510: Exam 1 Review

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Sociology

68 Terms

1

Sociology

A social science that examines the human or social world

Study of people doing things together

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2

Society

Group of people who shape their lives in patterned ways that distinguish their groups from others

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Sociological perspective

Taking a sociological approach or thinking sociologically

Lense- how we view and understand the world

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4

Beginner’s Mind

Approach to the world without knowing in advance: open and receptive to experience

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Culture Shock

Understand other cultures without personal perspective

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Sociological Imagination

C. Wright Mills: “To understand social life, we must understand the intersection between biography and history”.

A way to step aside ourselves to understand

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7

Micro sociology

Small group interactions

Concentrated on the interactions between individuals and the ways in which those interactions construct the larger patterns, processes, and institutions of society

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8

Macrosociology

Large-scale social structures and how they impact groups and individuals

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The micro-macro continuum

Sociology covers a wide range of topics at different levels of analysis

<p>Sociology covers a wide range of topics at different levels of analysis</p>
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10

Sociological Theories

Propositions that explain the social world and help make predictions about the future

Sometimes referred to as: Approach, schools of thoughts , paradigms, perspectives

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11

Auguste Comte

Founder of sociology: the most significant and complex Sociology as a social discipline Laid the groundwork & helped build discipline

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Herbert Spencer

Coined phrase “survival of the fittest” : social Darwinism

Societies evolve by adapting to their changing environment

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13

Emile Durkheim

3 contributions: Mechanical & organic solidarity Sociological explanations for individual actions -anomie Religion -sacred -profane Structural functionalist

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14

Structural Functionalism

Society is a unified whole -family, education, politics, economy, etc. each structure meets the needs of society -dysfunction Manifest vs. latent functions

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Karl Marx

Conflict theory: means of production -central: understanding group dynamics -change Capitalism

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16

George Herbert Mead

Symbolic interactionism -connection between thought and action -between the individual and society -meaning derived from social processes

Society is produced and reproduced through interaction -language -face-to-face interaction

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17

Culture

The entire way of life of a group of people It is hard to see own culture Shapes and defines who we are Culture is learned

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18

Ethnocentrism

One’s own culture as a standard to evaluate another group or individual Leads to the view that cultures other than one’s own is abnormal

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Cultural Relativism

Process of understanding other cultures on their own terms

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Components of culture

Material culture -objects associated with a cultural group

Symbolic culture -ways of thinking (beliefs, values, assumptions) -Ways of behaving (norms, interactions, and communication) Communication through signs, gestures and language

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Language

System of communication usual vocal sounds, gestures and written symbols Most significant component of culture Shapes perceptions

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22

Values and Norms

Values: shared beliefs about what is worthwhile or desirable -guide the creation of norms Norms: formal and informal rules for acceptable and appropriate behavior within culture

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Types of Norms

Folkways: loosely enforced norm, helps ensure smooth social interaction

Mores: carries greater moral significance, closely related to core values of a group

Taboos: deeply engrained norm -violations evoke strong feelings of disgust, horror or revulsion

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Norm Enforcement

Sanctions: positive- rewards. Negative- punishments Social control: formal and informal mechanisms used to: -increase conformity to values and norms -increase social cohesion

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Multiculturalism

Values diverse racial, ethnic, national and linguistic backgrounds Encourages the retention of cultural differences within a society, rather than assimilation

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Dominant culture

Values, norms, perspectives of the group within society that is most powerful in terms of wealth, prestige, status and influence

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Subcultures

Group within society that is differentiated by its distinctive values, norms, and lifestyle

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Counterculture

Openly rejects and/or actively opposes society’s values and norms

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Socialization

Values, beliefs, and norms of social groups: -society teaches -individuals learn and internalize

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Self

Personal identity Created and modified through social interaction

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31

Sigmund Freud

Subconscious and unconscious mind

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Charles Cooley

Looking-glass self -the self develops through our: -perceptions of others evaluations -appraisals of (interactions with) us We experience a feeling about ourselves based on our perception of other peoples judgment

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Erving Goffman

Meaning is constructed through interaction and the self Dramaturgy -compares social interactions to the theater -individuals take on roles and act them out

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The Thomas Theorem

“If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.” Ambiguous situations allow for many possible meanings -the way we define each situation, then, becomes it’s reality

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Impression Management

Social life as a game -we work to control the impressions others have of use-front -personal front -region -backstage -front stage

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Agents of Socialization

Social groups, institutions, and individuals that provide structured situations where socialization occurs -family -schools -peers -mass media

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Resocialization

Process of replacing previously learned norms and values with new ones as a part of a transition in life

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Total Institution

Cuts individuals off from the rest of society so that their lives can be controlled and regulated -dramatic form of resocialization -prison, military, mental health unit

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Status

A position in a social hierarchy that Carrie’s a particular set of expectations

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Ascribed Status

A status we are born with that is unlikely to change

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Achieved status

One that we earned through individual effort or that is imposed by others

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Master Status

Status that seems to override all others and affects all other statuses that we possess

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Roles

Behaviors expected from a particular status

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Role Conflict

Roles associated with one status with the role’s associated with a different status

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Role Strain

Roses associated with a single status clash

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Role Exit

Process of leaving a role that we will no longer occupy

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Deviance

Departs from the norm Generates a negative reaction Necessary in society

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Cultural Relativism vs Ethnocentrism

What is deviant in one culture may not be deviant in another culture

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Functionalism

Deviance serves a positive social function in society -norms and values -moral boundaries -social cohesion -social change

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Structural Strain Theory

There are goals in our society that people want to achieve -but they can not always reach these goals Created stress/strain because people are aware of these goals but do not have the means to achieve them -fertility, money, love, fame, etc.

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Merton’s Typology

Conformity, innovators, ritualists, retreatists, rebels

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Conflict Theory

Means of production -bourgeoise/owners/capitalists Proletariat/works

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Differential Association

Symbolic interactionism Learn deviance from deviant peers

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Labeling Theory

Deviance is caused by external judgments- labels -change a persons self concept and the way that others respond

Self-fulfilling prophecy -a prediction that causes itself to come true

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Deviant Identities- Stigma

Physical or social attribute Devalues identity Excludes the devalued/stigmatized 3 types: physical, moral, tribal

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Physical Stigma

Physical or mental impairments

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Moral stigma

Signs of flawed character Ex: cheating

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Tribal Stigma

Membership in a discredited or oppressed group Ex: gang members

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Deviant Identities- Passing

Stigmatized individuals may try to pass as if they are part of the mainstream

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In-group Orientation

Stigmatized individuals -reject judgement and prejudice -Develop new standards -value their group identity

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Crime

Violation of a norm that has been confined into law Punishable by: -fine -community service -imprisonment

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Cross-Cultural Crime

Punishment in other countries: -shunning -banishment -corporal punishment

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Deterrence

An approach to punishment that relies on the threat of harsh penalties to discourage people from committing crimes

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Retribution

Emphasizes retaliation or revenge for the crime as the appropriate goal

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Incapacitation

Seeks to protect society from criminals by imprisoning or executing them

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Rehabilitation

Attempts to reform criminals as part of their penalty

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Manifest function

Intended purpose Ex: a car is intended to get you around

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Latent function

Unintended purpose Ex: a cars unintended purpose is causing pollution

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