Gen Bio - Renne Exam 2

Ancestry of Plants

Land Plants formed From Protists (Chlorophyll A & B)

Chlorophyll A & B

Do Not Distinguish Plant Groups

Distinctive Features of Land Plants

3D Tissues

Adapt to Avoid Water Loss

Specialized Reproductive Functions

Specialized Reproductive Functions of Plants

Alternative Generations (Sporophytes < - > Gametophytes)

Seed Dormancy

Structural Support, Protection, and Dispersal

10 Plant Phyla

1. Liverworts - Hepatophyta

2. Mosses - Bryophyta 

3. Hornworts - Anthocerophyta

4. Lycophytes - Lycophyta

5. Pteridophytes - Pteridophytes

6. Cycads - Cycadophyta

7. Ginkgos - Ginkgophyta

8. Conifers - Coniferophyta

9. Gnetophytes - Gnetophyta

10. Angiosperms - Anthophyta

Non-Vascular Plant Phyla

1. Liverworts - Hepatophyta

2. Mosses - Bryophyta 

3. Hornworts - Anthocerophyta

Vascular Plant Phyla

1. Lycophytes - Lycophyta

2. Pteridophytes - Pteridophytes

3. Cycads - Cycadophyta

4. Ginkgos - Ginkgophyta

5. Conifers - Coniferophyta

6. Gnetophytes - Gnetophyta

7. Angiosperms - Anthophyta

Gametophytes

Gamete-Producing Haploid (Sperm and Egg)

Gametangia

Protects Gamete

Antheridia

Round/Elongated Gametangia Producing Sperm

Archegonia

Flask Shaped Gametangia Enclosing an Egg

Sporophytes

Spore-Producing Diploid (Asexual

Advantages of Sporophytes

Produce More Gametes, More Allelic Diversity

Sporangia

Protective Enclosure

Bryophytes and Relatives

• Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses

• Common Structural, Reproductive, and Ecological Features 

• No Vascular Tissues

• Gametophytes = Dominate

• Sporophytes = Depend on Gametophytes

• Dependent on Water for Reproduction

• Flagellated Sperm

Flagellated Sperm

Swim Through Water to Reach the Egg

Tracheids

Transport Water and Inorganic Materials

Support Structure in Trees

Lycophytes and Pteridophytes

• Vascular Plants

  • Spores Instead of Seeds

• Spores Limit Habitat

• Flagellated Sperm

• Dependent on Water for Reproduction

• Difference: Size and Vascularization 

• Possess Tracheids

• Limited by Dry Conditions (Drought Resistance if there Before)

Stems

Vascular Tissue

Produce Leaves and Sporangia

Roots

Uptake Water and Minerals from Soil

Leaves

Photosynthetic Function

High Surface Area (Prone to Water Loss)

Stomata

Pores, Open and Close to Allow Gas Exchange

Waxy Cuticle

Reduce Water Loss in Plants

Carboniferous Period

Non-Vascular Plants Colonized First

Reduced CO2 Amounts

Earth Drier and Cooled

Enrich Soils

Reduction of CO2

Oxygen Levels Rose

CO2 → Organic Materials (Fossil Fuels)

Non-Seed Plants

Require Water for Gamete Transfer

Homosporous

Homosporous

No Difference Between Male & Female Gametophytes and Spores

Seed Plants

Do Not Require Water for Gamete Transfer

Heterosporous

Protection and Nutrients for Developing Embryos

Heterosporous

Difference Between Spores and Male & Female Gametophytes

Innovations in Plant Evolution

Vascularization

Embryos

Leaves

Seeds

Innovations in Seed-Plants

Pollen

Ovules

Seeds

Wood

Pollen

Dispese Male Gametophytes

Ovules

Sporangium w/ Single Spore and Small Egg-Producing Gametophyte inside

Protect and Nourish Female Gametophytes

Seeds (Innovations)

Allow Reproduction in Diverse Habitats (w/o Water)

Wood

Strengthen, Grow Taller Plants

(Not Produced By All Plants)

Microspores

Male Gametophytes (Pollen)

Megaspores

Female Gametophyte Develops and Produces Egg

Megasporangia

Produce Female Megaspores

Advantages of Seeds

• Dormancy until Favorable Conditions

  • Internal Clocks for Germination

• Adapt/Selection of Dispersal

• Store Larger Amounts of Food

• Sperm Reaches Egg w/o Water

Gymnosperms Types

1. Cycads

2. Ginkgos

3. Conifers

4. Gnetophytes

Wood (Gymnosperms)

• Water-Conducting Cells Strengthened by Lignin

  • Transport Water Upwards

  • Structural Support

• Vascular Cambium

• Contain Tracheids for Water Transport

• Resin Ducts 

Angiosperms

Presence of Flowers and Endosperm

Dormant Seeds

Vascular Plants

Double Fertilization

Flowers (Angiosperms)

Enhance Pollination and Seed Production

Fruits (Angiosperms)

Develop From Flowers (Ovary)

“Enclosed Seed”

Endosperm

Nutritive Seed Tissue with High Energy Content

Double Fertilization

1. 1 Sperm Fertilizes Egg into Embryo 2N

2. 1 Sperm Fuses w/ Two Polar Nuclei to Produce 3N Endosperm

Vascular Cambium

Thin Inner Layer (Bark)

Transport Watery Solutions of Organic Compounds (Sugar)

Resin Ducts

Help Prevent Attacks by Pathogens and Herbivores

Flowers

Modified Leaves

4 Organs (Not All Flowers Have)

Early Carpels (Flowers)

Leaf Like Structure

Folded to Protect Ovules

4 Organs of Flowers

1. Sepals

2. Petals

3. Stamens

4. Carpels (Pistil)

Perianth (Flowers)

Sepals & Petals

Stamen (Flowers)

Male, Producing Pollen

Filament + Anther

Anther (Flower)

Produces Pollen

Carpels (Pistil)

Female, Produces Ovules

Stigma + Style + Ovary

Stigma (Flower)

Receives and Recognizes Pollen

Style (Flower)

Pollen Tubes Grow Through This

Delivers Sperm to Ovules

Ovary (Flower)

Encloses and Protects Egg & Ovules

Fruits (Flowers)

Developed Ovaries (Matured)

Coevolution

“Reciprocal Evolutionary Change Among Interacting Species”

Types of Coevolution

• Plant-Herbivore

• Plant-Pollinator

• Seed Dispersal Syndromes

Fruits (Function)

Aid in Dispersal of Enclosed Seeds (Reducing Competition)

Adaptations of Fruits

Attract Animals

Wind Dispersal

Attach to Animal Fur

Float in Water

Secondary Metabolites

Anti-Herbivore Defense (Deter Animals)

Speciation by Polyploidy

“Instantaneous Speciation”

Monocots (Features)

One Cotyledon

3/6 (Flower Parts)

Scattered (Stem Bundles)

Fibrous (Root System)

Parallel (Leaf Venation)

Dicot (Features)

Two Cotyledons

4/5 (Flower Part)

Ring (Stem Bundles)

Branched Taproot (Root System)

Netted/Branched (Leaf Venation)

Meristematic Region

Site of Cell Divison

Phloem

Transport Organic Compounds, Sugars, and Certain Minerals

Xylem

Dead Cells, Conduct Water and Dissolved Minerals

Hypocotyl

Short Stemlike Region of Embryos

Radicle

Embryonic Root, First Organ to Emerge from Germinating Seeds

Annuals

1 Year Lifespan

Biennals

2 Year Lifespan

Perennials

More than 2 Year Lifespan

Plant Growth and Development

Cell Division

Growth

Cell Specialization

Apoptosis (Cell Death)

Cuticle

Wax Layer

Reduces Water Loss

Epidermis

Small-Celled Layer

Desiccation Resistance

Spongy Mesophyll

Loosely Packed Cells

CO2 and O2 Exchange

Veins

Composed of Xylem and Phloem

Stomates

Regulated Openings

Transfer CO2, O2, H2O

Stomatal Movements

Blue Light Stimulates Guard Cell Ion Uptake, Water Flows In, Cell Expands, Stomata Opens

Plant Adaptations to Prevent Water Loss

Thick Cuticles

Sunken Stomata

Trichome (Boundary Layer)

Spines

C4 and CAM Photosynthetic Pathways

Plant Behaviors

Environmental and Biological Stimuli

Plant Movement

Sometime Rapid Growth and Development

Plant Signal Transduction

Receptors and Sensors

Messengers and Second Messengers

Effectors

Hormones

Signaling Molecules that Influence Development at a Site Distant from Production

Auxin

“Master” Plant Hormone

Auxin (Functions)

Induces Vascular Tissues to Differentiate

Mediates Phototropism

Promotes Adventitious Roots

Regulates Branching (via Lateral Bud)

Stimulates Fruit Development

Important Nutrients

Macronutrients

• Nitrogen

• Potassium

• Calcium

• Magnesium

• Phosphorus

• Sulfur

Adaptations to Nutrients

Carnivory

Root Nodules

Parasitism

Mycorrhizae

Hadley Cells

Atmospheric Rotational Patterns

(20-30 North and South)

Normal Oceanic Upwelling

High Productivity of Cold, Nutrient-Rich Water

Convergent Evolution

Similar Adaptations in Distantly Related Organisms (Physical)

Biome

Large Land Areas with Similar Climatic Conditions and Characteristic Plants and Animals

Biome Location Depends on

Temperature

Precipitation

Size, Shape

Elevation

Why do Birds Migrate?

Capitalize on Productivity Shifts in Temperate Zones

Tropical Rain Forests

Most Diverse Biome

Very Poor Soil

“Lungs of the Plant”

Tropical Deciduous Forests

Wet and Dry Season

Thorny and Deciduous Plants

Temperate Rainforests

Tallest Trees

Annual Rain

Temperate Deciduous Forest

Ohio Biome

Cold Winters, Hot Summers

High Herb Layer