abnormal

healthy diet and exercise

according to Hippocrates, mental disorders should be treated by which of the following?

mentally ill patients can be treated without chemical or physical restraints.

Moral therapy implies...

operant conditioning

Watsons behaviourism was based on...

Tolerance

larger does of the substance being needed to produce the desired effect, or the effects of the substance become smaller over time

tolerance and withdrawal

substance dependence is characterized by what two symptoms?

Withdrawl

negative physical & psychological effects develop when the person stops using the substances, or reduces intake.

polydrug use phenomenon

use of multiple medications, recreational drugs, or illicit drugs all simultaneously

DSM-V criteria for Substance Abuse Disorder (meet 1/4)

- failure to fulfill major obligations- exposure to physical dangers- legal problems- persistent social or interpersonal problems

delirium tremens

a psychotic condition typical of withdrawal in chronic alcoholics, involving tremors, hallucinations, anxiety, and disorientation.

disease model

the belief that people abuse alcohol because of some biological vulnerabilities within the person

moral model

the belief that people abuse alcohol because they choose to do soexcess drinking reflects personal failings & personal choices

Stimulatory; depressant

the initial effects of alcohol are \___ but as blood alcohol levels drop it becomes \___

dependence susceptibility

The tendency for some people to be much more sensitive and prone to becoming addicted than are other people.

Sedatives

Sleep-inducing drugs that tend to decrease central nervous system activation and behavioural responsiveness

Oxycotin

an opioid with the active agent oxycodone that produces powerful highs

behavioral geneticists

\___ offer an insight into the biological bases of abnormal functioning.

unconscious processes

psychodynamic theorists have suggested that behaviour is motivated by \___ acquired during the formative years

cognitive theorists

see abnormal behaviour as coming from irrational beliefs and illogical patterns of thought, (the way we perceive the world causes the disorders to develop)

society; culture

socio-cultural theorists suggest that \___ or \___ exerts powerful influences on people, & may cause a disorder to occur.

Social learning theory

Bandura & Walters theorized that social behaviour is learned by observing & imitating the behaviour of others

Comorbidity; overlap

\___ refers to the co-occurrence in the same person of two or more different disorders, while \___ refers to the similarity of symptoms in two or more different disorders.

an absence of inappropriate compensatory behaviours after eating

unlike bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorders are characterized by :

being male

the strongest risk factor for completed suicide is...

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

currently, the most popular class of antidepressants are the...

Dissociative amnesia with fugue

Jake has suddenly left home & has lost all memory of himself & his past life. he is mot likely suffering from

maladaptive alterations of identity, memory, & consciousness.

dissociative disorder are characterized by...

there is evidence of failure in a designed function & a judgement that the design failure is harming the person.

according to Wakefield, a behaviour can be considered disordered when:

clear guidelines for identifying symptoms associated with disorders.

reliability has been improved in the DSM, since the DSM-III, by...

the ability to predict disorders accurately

validity in diagnosis is best conceptualized as...

Compulsions (OCD)

\___ are the repetitive behaviours or cognitive acts performed in response to obsessions

eating disorders

\___ disorders have the highest mortality rates of all psychiatric disorders

mental retardation/intellectual disability

Fragile X syndrome is the most common hereditary cause of \___

Anhedonia

refers to a loss of pleasure or interest in almost all activities

behavioural therapy

\____ therapy appears to be very effective in treating many of the problems associated with developmental disabilities & autism

attachment theory

\___ theory states that children learn how to relate to others by the way in which their parents relate to them.

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

\___ treatments of anxiety tend to have lower relapse rates

bulimia & anorexia

\___ & \___ both include low self-esteem, use of weight & shape as primary source of self-evaluation, & some type of behaviour aimed at controlling weight.

dialectical behavior therapy

a type of therapy that has specifically targeted people with boarder line personality disorder.

100%

if schizophrenia was purely genetic, the concordance rate for monozygotic twins would be about...

Bipolar II Disorder

in \___ disorder, there are at least one hypomanic episode & one or more depressive episodes

it is difficult to determine which aspects of behaviour are most important

why has it been so difficult to develop the ideal system for classifying disorders?

7;3

The DSM criteria for the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder presents \___ exemplars reflecting the violation of the right of others, & \___ or more must be met for the diagnosis.

Dimensional; categorical

a \___ approach to classification recognizes that a disorder may be mild or severe, while with a \___ approach, the disorder is either present or not.

Valid; reliable

a \___ diagnostic system is one that measures what it is supposed to measure, while a \___ diagnostic system results in the same results, every time.

independent variables; dependent variable

a confound occurs when two or more \____ exert their influence on a \____ at the same time.

concurrent validity

a diagnostic system that predicted lower levels of education & socioeconomic status for persons actually diagnosed with schizophrenia would be demonstrating \_____

Delusion

a false belief that is strongly held even when there is evidence to prove otherwise is called a

Paranoid

a person experiencing prominent positive psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia would likely be diagnosed with the \___ type.

amotivational syndrome

a syndrome found in longterm cannabis users characterized by apathy, lack of pursuit of goals, self-absorption, & detachment from family & friends

diagnosis; assessment

A \____ refers to the determination of the nature of an illness, while an \____ refers to the procedure used to gather information necessary to identify the illness

Less

individuals with chronic depression are \____ likely to respond to standard treatment

critical; over-involved

research on expressed emotion indicates that people with schizophrenia are most likely to suffer a relapse if family members are \____ & \____.

Frontal brain impairment

\____ probably affects some patients with schizophrenia, but the impairment is not a necessary part of the syndrome

Cognitive impairment

the main draw back of anti-psychotics in treating schizophrenia is its relative ineffectiveness in dealing with the \_____ suffered by schizophrenia patients

vulnerability markers

the endophenotype for schizophrenia refers to the presence of one or more \_______ for schizophrenia

Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)

\___ a marked & persistent fear of social or performance related situations.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

treatment for \____ includes benzodiazepines, & cognitive behavioural therapy.

social anxiety disorder

treatment for \____ includes cognitive behavioural group therapy, with cognitive restructuring & exposure combined

OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder)

treatment for \___ includes exposure & ritual prevention

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

treatment for \___ includes SSRI's & cognitive behavioural therapy.

PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)

treatment for \____ includes facing trauma & using imagery exposure to discuss the situation

CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy)

\____ is the standard treatment for anxiety & related disorders.

Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)

diagnosis of \____ involves structured or semi-structured interviews, & various self report tests

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

\____ is known as pathological worry

excessive anxiety; worries

the DSM-5 states that an individual must have \____ & \___ about events or activities that last more than 6 month to be diagnosed with GAD

Obessions (OCD)

an individual with OCD experiences persisted unwanted thoughts & urges that cause them anxiety or fear, this is referred to as \____.

Compulsions (OCD)

an individual with OCD engages in repetitive behaviours or mental acts, in response to an obsession.

obsessions; compulsions; both

DSM-5 states that a person with OCD presents with \___ , \____, or \____.

neurobiological model; cognitive-behavioural model

the two primary models for the causes of OCD are called \____ & \____.

week; three

Binge eating disorder, like bulimia nervosa, involves regular binge eating episodes that occur at least once a \___ for \___ months.

the restriction of food inatake

according to the DSM-5 the central feature of anorexia nervosa is \_____ leading to significantly low weight.

intense fear

individuals with anorexia experience \____ about gaining weight, & exhibit behaviour that interferes with weight gain

weight; shape

individuals with bulimia nervosa often have low self-esteem & use \___ & \___ as a primary method of self evaluation.

normal weight

unlike individuals with anorexia nervosa, individuals with bulimia are typically within the \_____ range.

Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder (OSFED)

purging disorder & night-eating syndrome are two examples of an \______.

distorted attitudes; beliefs

conducting a diagnostic interview for an eating disorder includes gathering information about \____ & \____ about weight gain.

low self-esteem; trauma

factors such as \____, family dynamics, \____, & early maturation may leave an individual susceptible to developing an eating disorder.

beliefs; attitudes

cognitive theorists believe that mental health problems stem from dysfunctional \____, \____, or ways of thinking

Cognitive Theory

three main levels are emphasized in \_____: schemas, information processing & intermediate beliefs, & automatic thought.

Etiology; prognosis

In abnormal psychology the perfect diagnostic system would be based on \____, presentation of symptoms, \____, & response to treatment.

behaviour

psychological testing involves gathering a sample of \____ to determine a set of scores on a given measure.

reliable; valid

Having measurement tools that are \___ & \___ helps ensure that clinicians can consistently measure what they are hoping to measure, & measure exactly what they want to.

Anxiety; fear

when experiencing \____ an individual feels threatened by a potential future event, when experiencing \___ the individual responds to a present or perceived threat.

Panic

\___ is an extreme emotional state & can be trigged in the absence of an actual threat.

1. Biological2. Psychological3. Interpersonal

what are the three main etiological factors involved in anxiety disorders?

substance-related and addictive disorders

the major feature of these disorders is a cluster of cognitive, behavioural, & psychological symptoms indicative o continued substance use despite significant substance-use-related problems.

dissociative amnesia

inability to recall important personal information, includes dissociative fugue.

narcissistic personality disorder

a PD characterized by a pervasive person of grandiosity, a need for admiration, & a lack of empathy. the individual has an exaggerated sense of self-importance, often displayed as conceited, & boastful, and also overestimates their abilities & accomplishments

historonic personality disorder

a PD characterized by pervasive & excessive emotionality & attention-seeking behaviour. the individual feels uncomfortable when not the centre of attention, often behave in a melodramatic, histrionic, & flirtatious manner.

antisocial personality disorder

a PD characterized by a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members, a pattern of disregard for, & violation of, the rights of others. Deceit, manipulation & exploitation are central characteristics

paranoid personality disorder

type of personality disorder characterized by extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others.

avoidant personality disorder

PD characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation.

Derealization/Depersonalization Disorder

the key feature of \______ is a persistent feeling of unreality & detachment from one's self or surroundings

two or more

Dissociative Identity Disorder is diagnosed when the patient presents with \_____ distinct personality states.

severe childhood trauma; particular personality traits

DID results from a combination of \______ & \_____ that predispose an individual to employ dissociation as a coping mechanism.

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

individuals with \_____ complain about bodily symptoms suggestive of medical illness, along with significant psychological distress & functional impairment

voluntary motor; sensory functions

in conversion disorder symptoms are observed in \____ or \____ that suggest neurological or other medical etiologies, but cannot be confirmed by medical tests

somatic symtom disorder

\____ involves one or more somatic symptoms that are distressing or cause significant disruption of daily life, accompanied by concerns about the seriousness, anxiety & time devoted.

illness anxiety disorder (hypochondriasis)

individuals with \____ have long-standing fears, suspicions, or convictions about a serious disease, despite medical reassurance that the disease is not present

thoughts; interpretations; preoccupations

cognitive interventions for somatic symptom & related disorders involve restructuring dysfunctional \_____, \___, & \___ relating to bodily symptoms & illness.