FINAL | Child Dev. ISD OL

zygote stage

-two weeks, fertilized egg
-divides multiple times
-implantation occurs (fallopian tube --> uterus --> uterine lining) signals for mother's period to not start by releasing hormones
-no implantation = egg passed out of body, period starts
-remains a grain of rice

embryo stage

-3-8th week, dramatic change
-major body systems start to form (heart, lungs, brain, bones, muscles, nerves, digestive system)
-fluid filled sac (amniotic sac) forms around embryo for protection
-placenta forms in uterus, transports nutrients/oxygen from mom's blood stream to embryo and transfers waste products from embryo's blood stream to mothers
-exchange through placenta is done bc of umbilical cord, connects circulatory system of embryo to placenta

fetus stage

-from week 9
-continues to grow
-body systems that are formed start maturing and functioning
-starts to prepare for life outside of mother's body

trimester

3 months, pregnancy is 38-42 weeks long. split into 3 trimesters

end of first trimester

-3 months, 12 weeks
-all organs present, but immature
-nostrils, lips, teeth, buds, eyelids formed
-can suck thumb, swallow, hiccup, and move around

end of second trimester

-6 months, 24 weeks
-hair, eyelashes, eyebrows
-fetus = active
-quicken = first movement felt by mother
-fat deposits start to form under the skin, baby is thin and wrinkled
-breathing movements begin

end of third trimester

-9 moths, 36 weeks
-gains weight rapidly, loses wrinkles
-may react to light and loud noises
-moves into head down position for birth
-decreased movements since less space to move
-gets disease fighting antibodies from mother's blood
-goes into birth canal days/weeks before birth (lightening), which relives pressure for mother

What happens if a baby is born before 38 weeks?

-suffer from immaturity
-more premature = likely of severe health problems

Name 5 environmental factors that affect pregnancy

-Infectious diseases
-Poor nutrition
-Diabetes
-Parasites
-Alcohol, tobacco, and drugs

Infectious diseases

women should be up to date on vaccinations
-Rubella: German measles = deafness, heart defects, intellectual disability in baby
-Zika: caused by mosquitoes = birth defects, intellectual disability. Women should stay away from mosquitoes
-Microcephaly: characteristic of zika, small head + brain size
-Sexually transmitted infections: gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes, HIV, can pass from mother to baby before or during birth

Poor nutrition

-mother must consume 400 mcg of folic acid daily to prevent defects such as spina bifida: some of the nerves attached to baby's neural tube (spinal cord) grow in pouches outside of the body
-baby needs enough iron and calcium for normal brain, blood, and bone development
-women should take prenatal multivitamins daily, pregnant or not

diabetes

malformation percentage is increased in fetus, risk of death is increased in fetus

parasites

-toxoplasmosis: found in cat poop, can travel through air when cat litter is changed
-can cause deafness, intellectual disability, convulsions in fetus
-harmless to adults and children typically
-women who plan/are pregnant should avoid cat litter

alcohol, tobacco, drugs

-smoking = low birth weigh, more vulnerable to illness, weaker baby
-fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: results in intellectual disability, stunted growth, hyperactivity
-drugs can damage/kill developing embryo or fetus
-women who is pregnant = quit smoking, avoid alcohol, and recreational drugs, check with healthcare about prescribed medication

genes

linked together on chromosomes
-instructions for building
-sperm = genetic instructions from father, eggs (ova) = genetic instructions from mother

hereditary illness

inherits defective gene from parents for disease
-error in gene sequence or cell division causes a defect
-can use genetic testing to check for illness

sickle cell disease

-genetic mutation causes sickle shape on red blood cell = limits oxygen
-cells are prone to getting trapped in small blood vessels, causing severe pain
-will die in 40s or 50s from stroke, heart failure, kidney failure

cystic fibrosis

-causes mucus to be thick, sticky
-thick mucus builds up, blocks ducts of glands, airways of lungs
-people with CF die in mid 30s

tay-sachs disease

-unable to process and use fats
-leads to major brain damage and death by age 4
-no cure or treatment

down syndrome

-not inherited unlike the rest, occurs due to nondisjunction: 3 instead of 2 copies of chromosome 21
-nickname: trisomy 21
-risk of having child with down syndrome increases with mother's age
-baby has poor muscle tone, intellectual disability, structural heart defects, short stature, problems with digestive system

cervix

thick ring of muscle at base of uterus

stage 1 of delivery

-Thinning and dilation of the cervix
-Contractions: tightening/releasing of uterus which makes cervix wider, and thins it
-water breaking = amniotic sac breaking, lets out warm fluid
-End: Cervix = 4 in, fetus head slips out of uterus into top of the vagina

stage 2 of delivery

-crowning: fetus head appears at opening of vagina
-head is shaped through birth canal (not in C section)
-head comes first, shoulders next, rest of baby slips through easily
-amniotic fluid in fetus' respiratory tract is squeezed out (not in C section) and prepares the infant for first breath of air
-after baby is delivered and breathing, umbilical cord is clamped and cut

stage 3 of delivery

-delivery of placenta
-if woman gets pregnant again, she'll develop a new one

(Tell when and why) Infant cries after taking its first breath

-During or right after delivery
-The newborn can no longer rely on its mother for oxygen. The first breath forces open lungs that have never been inflated.

A fetal heart valve closes

-After breathing begins. Over next few days, valve is permanently sealed
-Before birth, circulation bypassed the fetus's unused lungs. After birth, blood needs to flow to and from the newborn's lungs to oxygenate its tissues.

Umbilical cord shrinks

-Within minutes of birth
-The cord is no longer needed to deliver nutrients and oxygen to the fetus. After birth, the infant breathes for itself and ingests breast milk or formula for nutrition. The cord is clamped and cut.

Infant's hands and feet look blue and feel cooler than the rest of the body

-Up to 24 hours after birth, sometimes longer
-The newborn's immature circulatory system must adjust to life outside the temperature-controlled womb. Wrapping the newborn well and putting a cap on its head keeps it warm until it is better able to regulate its body temperature.

Head of newborn

-huge, 1/4 of baby's total body, too heavy, caregivers must support it
-fontanels: soft open spaces with no joined bones
-one above forehead, one towards back of skull
-allow skull to compress & fit through birth canal
-6-18 months, bones fuse, brain is protected by skin of scalp until then

Skin of newborn

-vernix: layer of creamy white/yellowish substance covering fetus
-protects fetus' delicate skin from amniotic fluid (pH > 7.0)
-vernix not needed after birth, can be washed off w/ warm water & washcloth
-some, esp. premature, are covered in lanugo (fine hair growing across forehead, cheek, back, shoulders)
--> most fetuses lose it in 3rd tri of development as they add body fat. Born w/ it = lost in a few weeks

Hearing/vision of newborn

-fetus only hears muffled noises, detected light as red glow from mother's abdominal wall
-sound and light outside womb are alarming
-nearsighted, distance of 12 in
-recognize sounds heard in uterus, especially mother's voice
-hearing = better than vision

Reflexes of newborn

must be able to sneeze, yawn, swallow for themselves
-Reflexes: involuntary, instinctive, automatic responses hardwired into nervous system

rooting reflex

response to being touched on lips or cheeks
-turns to touch and begins to suck
-reflex helps locate and ingest food
-by 4 months, uses eyes to see breast/bottle, rooting stops

grasp reflex

hand closes tightly over anything that touches palm
-3 months, starts to reach for objects, it weakens
-12 months, it is gone

startle reflex

loud noise or touch on abdomen
-throws legs up, extends and retracts arms, closes fingers
-by 5 months, gone

Temperament of newborn

-style of reacting to world and relating to others
-unique temperaments
-some babies prefer quiet, soothing voices
-others grunt/wiggle with excitement when playful voice is heard
-some easy-going, others meltdown easily at any slight discomfort or delay
-during early weeks of birth, parents and newborns begin to adapt to each other's style

growth

change in size
-By the end of 1st year, baby triples in weight, grows 10 in in height
-Hereditary (affects height more), feeding habits, physical activity have an effect

development

increase in skills or abilities
-physical, emotional, social, intellectual

proportion

size relationship between different parts of body
-head + abdomen are larger than adults
-arms, legs are shorter than adults
-1st year, head grows rapidly for brain (over 1/2 growth of head is done)

head to toe

-head leads development before and after birth
-muscle control allows infant to focus eyes, lift and turn head, occurs first
-infant reaches with arms
-infant crawls/walks to what it wants with its legs

near to far

-starts at trunk, moves outward
-infants wave whole arms at objects they want
-grabs objects with palms
-learn to pick up objects with thumbs & fingers

simple to complex

-at first, must be guided to breastfeed/eat
-begins to feed itself with hands
-toddler uses spoon and fork

sight after birth

improves rapidly
-by 1 month, focuses on object up to 3 ft away, 3 1/2 months as good as adults
-young infants like patterns, such as stripes, they like color red
-hand eye coordination: ability to reach precisely towards what it sees by 3-4 months
--> develops through childhood, coloring, tying shoes, catching balls

hearing after birth

-develops before birth, can already tell the direction of sound
-responds to tone of voice
-should have hearing test by 6 months
--> born prematurely, frequent ear infections = more likely to have ear impairments
----> lack of response to hand clap
----> lack of recognizing sound direction
----> lack of awakening to loud noises, response to familiar, or attention to ordinary noises

smell

-no chance to develop a sense of smell before birth because of amniotic fluid
-can distinguish different odors
-within 10 days, can identify people by smell

taste

-develops after birth, rapidly learns different flavors
-2 weeks, can taste water, sour liquid, sugary solution, salty liquid, milk, prefers sweet taste
-4-6 months, soft pureed foods
-rice cereal = common first in U.S
-should add new foods slowly to see for allergies (skin rash or digestive upset)
-tend to put everything in mouth, caregivers should be watchful
--> not clean objects = illness
--> too small = choking
--> sharp/pointed = cut mouth

voice

-1st year, cry is softer because of growth of lungs, throat, lips, teeth, vocal cords
-tongue and interior of mouth change shape
-changes = needed to produce speech, safely chew and swallow
-babbling noises at 3 months, ready to speak by 1st year
-understand words long before speaking

teeth

-6-7 months, baby/primary teeth appear (toothing)
-finishes by 20 months, varies widely
-painful, tears tender gum tissues
-cranky infants may refuse food, drool more, low fever
-2-10 days for each tooth, rubber teeth rings (fluid filled rings) can temporarily reduce pain

motor skills

abilities that depend on use and control of muscles

1-2 months motor skills

-by 1 can lift chin when placed on stomach
-by 2 can lift chest above surface when placed on stomach

3-4 months

-holds head up
-reaches for objects w/o precise control
-rolls from side to back and from back to side

5-6 months

-sits unsupported briefly
-uses hands to reach
-turns completely over when laid on back/stomach

7-8 months

-sits unsupported steadily
-reaches for spoon
-eats w/ fingers
-picks up large objects
-pulls self up while holding on to furniture
-moves by using arms, knees, or squirming motion

9-10 months

-skillful using spoon
-reaches for & manipulates medium-size objects with good control
-stands holding on to furniture or other supports
-crawls on hands/knees, walks when led

11-12 months

-shows preference for one hand or the other (right or left handed)
-holds/drinks from cup
-fits blocks, boxes, toys inside each other
-picks up small objects w/ thumb & forefinger
-stands w/o support
-may walk w/o support

shaken baby syndrome

brain injury that occurs when someone strongly shakes or throws baby
-up to 5 years, most common in younger than 1 year
-shaken/thrown: head twists, whips back and forth
--> causes tears in brain tissues, blood vessels, nerves
--> brain slams against skull, bleeding and swelling
--> seizures, blindness, deafness, permanent brain damage, even death within few hours of injury
--> diagnosed by MRI or other scans of the brain
--> bouncing or gently tossing does not cause it
--> happens when someone loses control of emotions

What to do if you are losing control of your emotions to prevent shaken baby syndrome?

-put baby down, calm down
-ask a trusted friend to take care of baby
-take deep breaths or look out the window
-call a friend or hotline until you are calm
-never shake a baby

failure to thrive

when a baby who lacks emotional attachment and social interaction does not grow properly

consistent actions

-holding, rocking, soothing an infant are essential
-routinely fed when hungry, comforted when fussy/crying, talked/sung to when awake develops sense of security
-inconsistent care = baby has difficulty building trust

repetition

-running water = bath time
-certain behaviors are rewarded with smiles, hugs, praise
-learn to avoid behavior that provokes frown or scolding from parent/caregiver
-consistency is crucial for babies to learn cause and effect

attitude

-sensitive to attitude and tone of voice
-Julian smears lunch all over face and hair --> mother says no but laughs --> Julian confused by mixed message
-Must be consistent between words, tone, and actions

emotional development

process of learning to recognize/express one's feelings and to establish one's identity as a unique person
-at birth, newborns emotions = limited, but babies learn to show more specific responses

pleasure (satisfaction) & pain, discomfort, distress

-pleasure: full stomach, dry diaper, warmth, reassuring touch/voice
-pain: gas pain, hunger, cold, wet diaper, loud noise, absence of reassuring touch/voice

delight

-smile and gurgle
-funny voices, silly faces, new colorful objects
-by 3 months

dislike/disgust

-by 5 months
-flavor of texture of new food unpleasant
-makes a new face

elation

-7 months
-joyful high spirits
-excitement is shown in whole body by waving arms, rocking the torso, kicking feet & legs

fear of strangers

-8 months
-anger when don't get their own way
-show anger at objects and people

affection

-11-10 months
-show it for parents/caregivers, later for other children

social development

process of learning to interact with others and to express oneself to others, begins at birth and continues throughout life
-emotional, social are connected

first days of social development

Babies respond to human voices, are calmed by a soft, soothing voice and upset by a loud, angry voice.

one month of social development

Babies typically stop crying when lifted or touched.

two months of social development

Babies begin to smile at people; they enjoy watching people move about the room.

three months of social development

Babies turn their heads in response to a voice. At this age, they want companionship, not just care.

four months of social development

Babies laugh and find others entertaining.

five months of social development

Babies may cry when left alone in a room. They babble to themselves, their toys, or anyone around.

six months of social development

Babies love attention and enjoy games of peekaboo.

seven months of social development

Babies prefer their parents to other family members or to strangers

eight months of social development

Babies prefer to be in a room with family members, and infants who can crawl may go looking for company.
-develop stranger anxiety: cry in presence of unfamiliar people
-infant's memory is improving, remembers face of caregivers, other faces seem strange and make baby feel afraid

nine and ten months of social development

Socially active, babies creep after their parents. They enjoy being chased and throwing things that others pick up over and over again.

eleven and twelve months of social development

Babies are sensitive to others' emotions and can adjust to the emotions of people around them. Babies like to be the center of attention and are usually tolerant of strangers by this age.

Jean Piaget

-1896-1980
-swiss psychologist who studied how children learn
-work is used by teachers, psychologists, others who research children
-discovered patterns in intellectual development of children

sensorimotor

-children learn through own senses and actions
-object permanence: object continues to exist even if it is out of sight
-ex: Tasha at 4 months drops her pacifier, it no longer exists. At 10 months, if her ball rolls behind a chair, she will look for it
-Occurs from birth to two years

preoperational

-two to seven years
-children think about everything in terms of their own activities and what they perceive at the moment
-For example, children in this stage may think that by pouring a drink from a short, wide cup into a tall, thin cup, they will have more to drink. They perceive that the liquid in the thin glass is taller, so they conclude that there is more of it.

concrete operations

-7 to 11 years
-can think logically, but still learn best through experience
-rely on actually being able to see or experience the problem to problem solve
-understand pouring water from one cup to another does not change the amount
-understand operations can be reversed, ex: +, -, multiply, divide
-able to group animals/foods under a broad category, make complex groups

formal operations

-11 to adulthood
-capable of abstract thinking
-can think about what might have caused an event without experiencing it
-solve problems just by thinking
-understand deeper meanings or subtle themes in a text/poem

play

baby's work, essential for both intellectual and physical development
-shaking rattle, banging on pot, throwing ball
-strengthen muscles, refine motor skills, teach baby about world

birth to 3 months toys

-learns by looking and listening
-mobiles above crib, pictures on wall, variety of sounds interests baby
-colorful play mats with parts that move/make noise when baby is waving arms or kicking legs are good toys

4 to 6 months toys

-sense of touch is important
-variety of textures
-allow baby to touch, handle, shake, bang, suck, chew
-small enough to be handled but easily large enough to prevent swallowing or choking hazard
-picture books should be introduced, and should be read to the baby daily

7-9 months toys

-fascinated by anything that makes noise
-bang, pound, throw, shake are favored
-blocks and hammering toys
-bang on kitchen pots with wooden spoon or stacking plastic kitchen containers works
-balls encourage babies to crawl and build that motor skill

10 to 12 months toys

-crawling babies need toys that roll to encourage crawling and walking
-like toys they can push or pull if walking
-like putting things into boxes or baskets and dumping them out again, doing it over and over

height and weight development from age 1 to 3

-after first birthday, children growth rate slows
-only gain 0.5 lb per month
-height increases half the rate of an infant (10 inches in the first year)
-height and weight are influenced by hereditary and environment

Posture and proportion 1 to 3 years

the way body is positioned when sitting or standing
-children age 1: slightly-forward leaning posture, not completely straight. top heavy, short arms, legs make less steady on feet, stay slightly bent knees and elbows to help with balance
-by age 3: more upright because back has strengthened, no longer top-heavy, more adult posture. chest becomes larger than head and abdomen, arms, legs, trunk grow rapidly which improves balance and motor skills

Teeth and nutrition

-adequate calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D needed for healthy teeth and bones
-children must have well balanced diet, just in lower quantity
-by age 1, have 8 teeth
-after 3rd bday, full baby teeth of 20, then adult teeth form underneath them

Vegetables

3-5 servings daily
-half of a raw carrot
-1/4 cup cooked squash, corn, green beans

Protein

2 servings daily
-1 egg
-1-2 tbsp of peanut butter
-1-2 ounces of chicken, beef, fish
-1/4 cup cooked beans

Grains

6-11 servings daily
-2-3 crackers
-1/4 cup spaghetti, rice, macaroni
-1/4 cup cereal
-1/4 of a bagel, 1/2 of a dinner roll

Fruits

-2-4 servings daily
-1/4 to 1/2 of an apple/banana
-1/4 cup grapes, peaches, strawberries
-1/3 cup fruit juice

Dairy

2-3 servings daily
-1/2 cup milk or yogurt
-1/4 to 1/2 cup frozen yogurt or pudding
-1/2 to 1 ounce cheese

Dental care (1-3)

-should be given water, not sugary drinks that lead to cavities
-should give dental care even before all teeth are there
-should wipe baby's gums before bedtime
-after first tooth, use soft toothbrush

Toddlers

-1-3 years, taken unsteady steps