A&P Quiz

Scientific method

the systematic + empirical approach used by the scientist to investigate natural phenomena

Steps for Scientific Method

1. Observation: observe the focus of the study

2. Hypothesis: an unproven conclusion in the form of a statement; a guess that must be testable and based on facts

3. Data collection/ Experiment:

- Qualitative observation: data found using senses

- Quantitative observation: data found using a variety of scientific measuring equipment

- Control: how a sample/system works under normal circumstances when independent variables aren't manipulated

4. Manipulation + analysis of data:

- Range: highest value - lowest value

- Average/mean: sum of item/ number of items

- Percent: number of items per 100

5. Reporting conclusion of study:

- Theory: hypothesis validated many times

- Biological principle: theory that is verified + used widely

Metric system

Non-varying system of measurement, based on tens

Metric base unit

10⁰=1

Meter (m)

unit of length

- giga (G): 10⁹

- mega (M): 10⁶

- kilo (K): 10³

- deci (D): 10^-1

- centi (c): 10^-2

- milli (M): 10^-3

- micro: 10^-6

- nano (n): 10^-9

- pico (p): 10^-12

- femto (f): 10^-15

Gram (g)

unit of mass

- weight: varies due to gravitation force acting on a mass

- weight: mG (on earth at sea level W=m G=1)

Second (s)

unit of time

Degree celsius

unit of temperature

°F = (9/5)(°C)+32

Liter (l)

unit of volume

bipeds body orientation

Superior/inferior (cephalad/caudel)

Anterior/posterior (ventral/dorsal)

• ventral: thoracic cavity (lung+ heart— pleural cavity, mediastinum, pericardial cavity) + abdominal cavity (digestive organs) + pelvic cavity (urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum)

• dorsal: cranial cavity (brain) + vertebral cavity (spinal cord)

proximal vs. distal

proximal: towards the torso

distal: away from the torso

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into left/right

Midsagittal Plane

Divides the body into left/right equally

Frontal Plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior

Transverse Plane

Divides the body into superior and inferior parts

medial

towards the middle

lateral

away from the middle

right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac

right lateral (lumbar), umbilical, left lateral (lumbar)

right inguinal (iliac), pubic (hypogastric), left inguinal (iliac)

Dorsal Cavity

Ventral Cavity

musoca

The mucous membrane is composed of epithelial cells that rest on the loose tissues of the lamina propria

• This membrane line the body cavities that are open to the environment: respiratory, digestive, urogenital cavity —> mucosa of the nasal cavity, mucosa of the mouth, lining of the esophagus, mucosa of the lung bronchi

• membrane are bathed in secretion often mucus except urinary tract

serous membrane

double layer that produces serous fluid that minimize friction between organ

serosa

• parietal layer: adheres to the wall of the cavity

• visceral layer: adheres directly to the organ

Heart Serosa

Lung Serosa

Abdominal Serosa

organ system

atom, molecules, macromolecules, cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

cells

The basic unit of life/ building block of all living thing

tissue

group of cells that are similar in function and structure
ex: muscle

organ

2 or more tissue types performing a specific function
ex: stomach

organ system

group of organs

ex: digestive system

lymphatic/immune system

works closely with your immune system to fight infection and balance fluid levels

spleen + lymphatic vessels

respiratory system

delivers oxygen from the air into the bloodstream, removes CO2 waste from the body. O2 in CO2 out

lungs, trachea, bronchi

digestive system

breaks down food into nutrients so the body can absorb them for energy, growth, and cell repair

stomach, intestine, liver

urinary system

filter your blood, remove liquid waste + extra fluid from the body
- kidney, bladder, ureters

reproductive system

produces offspring

• male (testes, sperm)

• female (ovary, ovum)

integumentary

physical protective barrier that protects the body internal organ + tissue
- skin (epidermis, dermis)

muscular

enables movement, pump blood, generates heat for the body through the contraction of specialized muscular fiber

• skeletal muscle

skeletal

provides a rigid internal framework that supports the body, protects vital organ, and anchors skeletal muschle to enable movement

• bones, tendons, ligaments

nervous system

the body’s primary communication network, process electrical and chemical signal to control bodily function

• brain, spinal cord, nerves

endocrine system

make + release hormones that acts as a chemical message to control and coordinate vital body function

• pituitary thymus, pancreas

circulatory/cardiovascular

transport O2, nutrients, hormones to cells throughout the body while removing CO2 + waste

• heart, blood vessel

1. brain

2. thyroid

3. larynx

4. trachea

5. lungs

6. heart

7. diaphragm

8. liver

9. stomach

10. LI

11. greater omentum

12. SI

1. ocular lenses: eye piece, 10x magnification. the pointer found inside one of these lenses

2. rotating nosepiece: contains the three objective lenses

3. stage: platform slide or specimen rest on, moved via mechanical stage controls

4. objective lenses

5. condenser: concentrate the light on specimen

6. iris diaphragm lever: arm/lever controlling an annulus ring that regulated a,outn of light arriving on the condenser

7. mechanical stage controls

8. substage light: source of light

9. base: support

10. arm: vertical support of head + base

11. mechanical stage

12. condenser knob (regulated height of condenser)

13. Coarse adjustment knob: : focus on specimen, gross. ONLY used under 4x/10x lower power objectives

14. fine adjustment knob: precise focusing (used with high power objectives)

15. light control