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Psycho-dynamic theory
unconscious processes drive personality
3 Categories of the mind
ID, Superego, Ego
ID
unconscious level
pleasure principle - sex and aggression, immediate gratification
The devil on the shoulder; wants you to do whatever
Superego
pre-conscious level (just below awareness)
Conscience - feelings of guilt
angel on the shoulder'; morality part telling you not to do what is wrong
ego ideal - striving for perfection
Ego
conscious level (reality principle) don’t know what to do
middle man; the one who has to make the decision
Defense mechanisms
defending the EGO unconsciously from threats
Displacement
transferring energy of ID to another person; taking out your feelings (like anger) on someone or something
Mom yelling at her kids after having a bad day at work
Reppression
not remembering trauma or something terrible
Reaction Formation
acting in the opposite of what you really feel; you say something but mean another
Projection
place the feeling of what you have and saying someone else has that feeling
ex. you want to break up with your gf so you accuse her of not liking you anymore
Regression
to go back; acting in a way you did before
ex. going back to smoking, peeing on the bed
denial
Say it didn’t happen
rationalization
trying to explain it away
ex. didn’t get into you dream college because it wasn’t for you
sublimation
healthy/mature way of dealing with your feelings instead of the urges that are unacceptable
ex. going for a run instead of punching someone
People tell their personality…
…through projective tests
Projective Tests
Inkblots, Tat
Humanistic
self actualizing; living up to your potential; looking for acceptance
Positive psychology
understanding how people can lead healthier, more fulfilling lives by building on what’s going well, learning from positive experiences, and practicing skills to improve their well-being.
Self actualized
people can be the best they can be; people can reach their full potential
occurs when both selfs are congruent and match up
Self concept
who am I; what people believe about themselves
Positive regard
approval
Unconditioned positive regard
genuine acceptance
ex. therapist accepts and supports you regardless of what you say or do
conditions of worth
acceptance if… (you do something)
ex. give them homework answers so they praise you, open a pack of gum and now everybody is your friend
Ideal self
what you wish to be (thinner, thicker, smarter, taller)
Real self
the truth of who you really are
Congruences/incongruences
differences between reality and self
reciprocal determinism
personality is shaped by the interaction between an individual's traits (personal factors) , their environment, and their behavior
ex. child doesn’t like school (personal factors), child acts out in school (behavior), the teacher doesn't like to have the student around (environmental)
Self efficacy
an individual's belief in how effective they or their actions are; do your actions make a difference
ex. thinking you’re really good at your job
Trait theory
a set of enduring characteristics that lead to typical responses; these traits last
OCEAN
acronym for the five major personality traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.
High Openness
Curious, wide range of interests, independent; open to new ideas
Low Openness
Less curious, prefers routine, resistant to new ideas.
High Conscientiousness
Highly organized, dependable, disciplined, and goal-oriented.
ex. telling your teacher ahead of time you’re going to miss school
Low Conscientiousness
Disorganized, unreliable, spontaneous, and less goal-oriented.
ex. doesn’t occur to you to get your homework done on time or receive missing work from teachers
High Extraversion
Outgoing, energetic, and sociable, often enjoying social interactions and being the center of attention.
Low Extraversion
Reserved, shy, and less inclined to seek out social interactions, often preferring solitude.
High Agreeableness
A personality trait characterized by being compassionate, cooperative, and friendly, often valuing harmony and positive relationships with others.
Low Agreeableness
being critical, uncooperative, and less empathetic, often prioritizing personal interests over social harmony.
ex. argue an do little to help
High Neuroticism (stability)
Anxious, unhappy, prone to negative emotions
low Neuroticism (stability)
Calm, even-tempered, secure
Factor analysis
statistical procedure (clusters)
Dopamine
neurotransmitter associated with reward seeking and the feeling of wanting something
instinct
innate; born with a fixed pattern of behavior
Many non-human animals are…
…motivated by insticts
Ghrelin
Stomach growling telling you you’re hungry
Leptin
tells you your full
external factors on why we eat
tastes good, looks good, energy, smells good, pressure, stress
Drive reduction theory
Physical need (food) → Drive (hunger) → Response (eating) → Goal (balance)
Arousal Theory
our behavior is motivated by a need to maintain an ideal arousal level
ex. to escape boredom people are motivated to increase the level of arousal; stress motivates a decrease in level of arousal
Yerkes Dodson level
relationship between performance and arousal; easy tasks need a high level of arousal, hard tasks need a low level of arousal
ex. better performance on tests because you’re calm, better at games when your’e moderately nervous
intrinsic motivation
personal motivation; self satisfaction
ex. joining a race not because you want to win but because you just like running
extrinsic motivation
external goal; reward, money, grades, praise, approval
incentive theory
only external; has to be an incentive for you to do it
ex. you wont work a job unless you get paid
Lewins Motivational Conflicts
approach - approach
approach - avoidance
avoidance - avoidance
Approach - Approach
two desirable outcomes
ex. get into top 2 colleges
Approach - Avoidance
one thing has a positive and a negative
ex. you love to eat crabs but your allergic
Avoidance - Avoidance
two negatives
ex. clean the bathroom or clean your room
Sensation Seeking theory
a level of mind for novel experiences; experience seeking, thrill or adventure seeking
Emotion
internal and external factors affecting an individual
Facial feedback hypothesis
forming a facial expression can lead to its corresponding emotion
ex. smiling makes you feel happy
James Lang theory
physiological response comes first then the emotion response
ex. Heart pounding then fear
Cannon Bard Theory
physiological response and emotion process at the same time
Schacter-Singer 2 Factor theory
when emotion occurs, it causes physiological arousal then we use the environment for clues to label the arousal
ex. you see a bear, then your heart starts to pound, you recognize the bear as a threat, then you label your arousal as fear
ex. you hear is racing but you’re around your friends so you recognize it as joy or
Ledoux theory
primary emotion; FEAR
Lazarus theory
primary: whether an event is irrelevant, positive, or stressful
secondary: how you should deal with the situation. The ability to cope with the event
Broaden-and-build theory of emotion
positive emotions encourage new actions and thought.
negative emotions narrow our thinking and actions
Display rules
how and when emotions should be expressed, varies between different cultures
ex. smiling at a wedding, being sad at a funeral
Elicitors
events or stimuli that trigger emotion response
