Ch. 6 Chapter Notes

Noncombatant Immunity

________: A core principle of international humanitarian law that holds that people not bearing arms in a conflict may not be deliberately targeted or systematically harmed; includes unarmed civilians, surrendered soldiers, and soldiers who are too severely injured to defend themselves.

Offensive realists see war as

a way to enhance a state’s reputation by demonstrating its willingness to engage in conflict.

National Security includes

a variety of factors including economic, environmental, and nonphysical threats such as cyberspace.

Violence

________ must be proportionate to the ends to be achieved.

Geneva Protocol

________ outlawed the use of chemical weapons in a war post WWI.

Council of Europe’s Convention

The ________ on Cybercrime and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization have both taken actions pushing states to pass laws criminalizing certain behaviors in cyberspace and providing police with the authority to enforce these laws.

Realists believe that war occurs because

states believe that more power leads to expectations of more influence, wealth, and security.

USA Patriot Act enabled

Investigators to gather information when looking into the full range of terrorism- related crimes, including chemical- weapons offenses, the use of weapons of mass destruction, killing Americans abroad, and terrorism financing.

Commercial Peace Theory

________: States that are more interdependent, particularly through trade and investment, are less likely to go to war.

John Mearsheimer

________ calls the 911 problem "there is no hotline or central authority to which a threatened state can turn to for help ..

Zone of agreement

________: Acceptable outcomes for both states overlap.

The goals of FIRST are to

promote information sharing among its members, assist in rapid reaction to incidents, and foster cooperation and coordination to help prevent incidents in the first place.

Caliphate

________: an area under the leadership of an Islamic steward considered to be a religious successor to the prophet Muhammad and the leader of the entire Muslim community.

Korean

The frequency and intensity of war began a slow decline after the world wars and ________ war.

Cooperative institutions

________ like the EU can create and regulate certain types of interactions that can influence states perceptions of their identities and their understandings of self and others over time.

social media

The IS uses ________ to broadcast its terrorist acts including beheadings, mass executions, rape and sexual enslavement of women, and the destruction of cultural antiquities.

North Korean hackers

________ launched a cyberattack in 2014 against Sony Pictures and in 2017 produced a ransomware attack on 150 countries.

Cyberspace

________: the entire spectrum of networked information and communication systems and devices.

Cyberwarfare

________: state actions taken to penetrate another states computers or networks for the purpose of causing damage or disruption.

UN Security Council

For war to be legitimate, it must be either an act of self- defense or authorized by the ________.

China

________ is thought to operate one of the most extensive cyberattack operations in the world against both government and corporate targets.

Terrorists

________ hope to harness the power of ideas; they invariably justify their violence by using immortality imagery, whether nationalist, Marxist, ethnocentrist, or religious.

Focus on Capability

The actual ability of the state to provide that protection.

Instrument

________ Based Approach: A cyber attack can only count as an armed attack if it uses traditional military weapons.

Al Qaeda is motivated by

the desire to install strict Islamic regimes in the Middle East, support radical Islamic insurgencies in Southeast Asia, and punish the U.S. for its support of Israel.

Constructivists believe that identities can

influence whether a state is likely to be more aggressive or more restrained in how it pursues its foreign policy.

Global Peace Index

________: Ranks countries according to their level of peacefulness using a variety of indicators.

Reservation Point

________: The worst outcome they would be willing to accept.

Disarmament

________: Reducing the amount of arms and the types of weapons employed by a state.

Transition Theory

Power ________: Posits that it is not only mismatched material power that tempts states to war, but also the anticipation of shifts in the relative balance of power.

Jus in Bello

Laws that define what acts are considered legal and illegal when fighting a war.

Self-Determination

________: The right of a people to determine its own future political status.

Asymmetric Conflict

________: a conflict characterized by an inequality in material strength between the two sides, with one side significantly more well- equipped and technologically advanced than the other.

Just War Theory

a western and Christian doctrine dating from medieval times, and it draws on ancient Greek philosophy and precepts found in the Koran.

Guerrilla tactics are designed

to win control of the state, not by defeating enemy forces outright on the battlefield, but by winning control over the civilian population.

Jus Ad Bellum

________: Laws that deal with when it is just /legal to go to war.

ICT

________: Information and communications technology.

Russian Imperial Movement

________ in Russia is the first far- right movement designated as a terrorist organization by the U.S.

Guerrilla Warfare tactics include

hide among civilians and use strategies including hit- and- run tactics, ambushes, sabotages, and raids to attack their stronger military opponents.

Weapons involved in a conventional war include

that are not of mass destruction and combat actions are restricted to military targets.

aim of terrorism

The ________ is to call attention to a cause, while at the same time calling into question the legitimacy of a target government by highlighting its inability to protect its citizens.

Terrorist groups use

the internet and social media as a recruitment tool, and also use soft power to win support through attraction.

Conventional Wars

________: Regular armies openly engaged in combat with the objective to win control of the state by defeating the enemy’s military force on the battlefield.

Realists believe that we can decrease the frequency and intensity of war by

power balancing and deterrence.

Terrorists intend their violent acts to

preserve the nation, working-class people, a particular race, or the faithful, ensuring its immortality.

Just War Theory was developed by

Saint Augustine, Saint Thomas Aquinas, and Hugo Grotius.

National Security

The ability of a state to protect its interests, secrets, and citizens from both external and internal threats

Focus on Threat

The fact that there is some actor, object, or potential action that can endanger a nations interests, secrets, or citizens

Focus on Protection

The need of the nation to ensure the safety of the states interests, secrets, and citizens from harm by those threats

Focus on Capability

The ability of the state to provide protection

Physical Security

Security from violence, starvation, and the elements

Global Peace Index

Ranks countries according to their level of peacefulness using a variety of indicators

War

An organized and deliberate political act by an established political authority that causes 1,000 or more deaths in a 12-month period and involves at least two actors capable of harming each other

Interstate Wars

Wars between states

Intrastate War

(Civil wars) wars that take place within a state

Conventional Wars

Regular armies openly engaged in combat with the objective to win control of the state by defeating the enemy’s military force on the battlefield

Guerrilla Warfare

guerrilla groups hide among civilians and use strategies including hit-and-run tactics, ambushes, sabotages, and raids to attack their stronger military opponents

Asymmetric Conflict

a conflict characterized by an inequality in material strength between the two sides, with one side significantly more well-equipped and technologically advanced than the other

Nonviolent Resistance

Resistance to established authority that systematically prevents the use of violence as a tactic

PLO

Palestine Liberation Organization

Terrorist groups with roots in the Middle East are

Hamas, Hezbollah, and Palestine Islamic Jihad, and Al Qaeda

Caliphate

an Islamic steward considered to be a religious successor to the prophet Muhammad and the leader of the entire Muslim community

The USA Patriot Act enabled

Investigators to gather information when looking into the full range of terrorism-related crimes, including chemical-weapons offenses, the use of weapons of mass destruction, killing Americans abroad, and terrorism financing

Cyberspace

the entire spectrum of networked information and communication systems and devices

Cyberwarfare

state actions taken to penetrate another states computers or networks for the purpose of causing damage or disruption

ICT

Information and communications technology

CERTs

Computer emergency response teams

FIRST

Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams

Power Transition Theory

Posits that it is not only mismatched material power that tempts states to war, but also the anticipation of shifts in the relative balance of power

Two patterns to Power Transition Theory are

1. a rising power might launch a war to solidify its position 2. The currently most powerful state(s) might launch a preventative war to keep a rising challenger down.

Perpetual Peace states that three factors help to foster peace

democracy, economic interdependence, and international institutions

Democractic Peace Theory

Theory supported by empirical evidence that democratic states do not fight wars against each other, but do fight wars against authoritarian states

The 1/3 theorys why liberals don’t go to war

Democracies offer citizens a chance to deal with complaints/grievances by nonviolent means

Commerical Peace Theory

States that are more interdependent, particularly through trade and investment, are less likely to go to war

International Institutions may influence the outbreak of conflict by (1/2)

they help build positive connections between states, and economic institutions to foster interdependence

Reservation Point

The worst outcome they would be willing to accept

Zone of agreement

Acceptable outcomes for both states overlap

Self-Determination

The right of a people to determine its own future political status

The 3 causes of war for a Constructivist include

Aggressive state identities, divergent identities, and possession of belligerent ideas

"Good" States

Democratic and economically open

"Bad" States

Authoritarian and economically closed

The two Liberal strategies to prevent war are

collective security and arms control agreements

Collective Security (one for all and all for one)

In an effort to stop the aggressive and unlawful use of force by one state against another, unlawful aggression will be met by united action

Moral Clarity

The aggressor is morally wrong because all aggressors are morally wrong, and all those who are right must act in unison to meet the aggression

Arms Control

Regulating arms research, manufacturing, deployment, and rapid increase of weapons systems

Disarmament

Reducing the amount of arms and the types of weapons employed by a state

BWC

Biological Weapons Convention

JCPOA

Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (Iran denuclearization)

START

Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty

Nuclear Proliferation

The spread of nuclear weapons, fissionable material, and technology related to nuclear weapons

Jus Ad Bellum

Laws that deal with when it is just/legal to go to war

Jus In Bello

Laws that define what acts are considered legal and illegal when fighting a war

Just War Tradition

The idea that wars must be judged according to two categories of justice

Noncombatant Immunity

A core principle of international humanitarian law that holds that people not bearing arms in a conflict may not be deliberately targeted or systematically harmed; includes unarmed civilians, surrendered soldiers, and soldiers who are too severely injured to defend themselves

ICBL

International Campaign to Ban Landmines

Instrument Based Approach

A cyber attack can only count as an armed attack if it uses traditional military weapons

Effects Based Approach

A cyber attack as an armed attack based on the gravity of its effects

The 2/3 theorys why liberals don’t go to war

Theorists argue that institutional constraints exist in democracies that help to prevent them from going to war.

The 3/3 theorys why liberals don’t go to war

Commercial Peace Theory

International Institutions may influence the outbreak of conflict by (2/2)

States that are left out of institutions might feel threatened by the connections forged between states, potentially adding to the possibility of conflict.