med term ch 9+10

what is blood composed of

formed elements: erthrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC), platelets (thrombocytes)

what are erythrocytes (RBC)

transports oxygen to cells and removes carbon dioxide from the cells

what are leukocytes (WBC)

provide protection against invasion by pathogens and aid in the healing process

what are platelets (thrombocytes)

provide a mechanism for blood clotting

what are the formed elements of blood suspended in

a liquid called plasma

CF for blood

hem/o OR hemat/o

CF for cell

cyt/o

CF for red

erythr/o

CF for white

leuk/o

CF for blood clot

thromb/o

CF for embolus (plug)

embol/o

CF for clumping or gluing

agglutin/o

CF for serum

ser/o

CF for nucleus

kary/o OR nucle/o

CF for iron

sider/o

CF for swallowing or eating

phag/o

fear of blood or bleeding

hemophobia

red blood cell

erythrocyte

separation, destruction, loosening of a blood clot

thrombolysis

large blood cell

macrocyte

formation, production of blood

hemopoiesis

standing still of blood

hemostasis

cells that are white

leukocytes

tumor composed of blood

hematoma

resembling a thrombus

thromboid

decrease or deficiency of iron

sideropenia

cell that swallows or eats (injests)

phagocyte

abnormal condition of a blood clot

thrombosis

what makes up the lymphatic system

lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymph fluid, tonsils, thymus, and spleen

functions of the lymphatic system

network of vessels that drain excess interstitial fluid from tissue spaces and return it to the blood. the lymphatic system maintains the cells that defend the body against disease-causing agents, such as bacteria, viruses, and cancerous cells

how does the lymphatic system maintain fluid balance

it drains excess tissue fluid from interstitial spaces and returns it to the blood

CF for tonsil

tonsill/o

CF for neck

cervic/o

CF for thymus

thym/o

CF for spleen

splen/o

CF for lymph vessel

lymphangi/o

CF for chest

thorac/o

CF for groin

inguin/o

CF for lymph gland/node

lymphaden/o

CF for gland

aden/o

CF for lymph

lymph/o

CF for vessel (usually blood or lymph)

angi/o

CF for iron

sider/o

CF for foreign, strange

xen/o

CF for lymph vessel

lymphangi/o

CF for swallowing, eating

phag/o

tumor of the thymus gland

thymoma

cell that swallows or eats (ingests)

phagocyte

formation or production of lymph

lymphopoiesis

tumor of a lymph vessel

lymphangioma

process of clumping, gluing

agglutination

study of immunity

immunology

enlargement of the spleen

splenomegaly

formation or production of lymph

lymphopoiesis

inflammation of a lymph gland (node)

lymphadenitis

disease of the lymph glands

lymphadenopathy

specialist in the study of immunity

immunologist

tumor of the thymus gland

thymoma

cell that is large

macrocyte

decrease or deficiency in RBC

erythrocytopenia or erythropenia

decrease of deficiency in WBC

leukocytopenia or leukopenia

what is iron deficiency anemia

decrease in RBC caused by insufficient iron in the diet.

what can be seen in microscopic examination of iron deficiency anemia patients

large, central paleness (pallor) in RBC

what is the most common anemia in the US

iron deficiency anemia

most common patients with iron deficiency anemia are

adolescents and premenopausal women during menses

signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia

extreme fatigue, cold hands and feet, headaches

what does treatment of iron deficiency anemia depend on?

severity and cause of the anemia

treatments of iron deficiency anemia

-oral or parenteral (intramuscular or IV) iron supplements

-dietary modifications, which are commonly sufficient to restore lost iron reserves

-red cell transfusions possibly required in elderly patients

what is pernicious anemia

caused by inadequate levels of vitamin B12. characteristic formation of large, abnormal RBC

signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia

weakness, nausea, vomiting, inflammation of nerves (neuritis), muscular incoordination, lightheadedness, impaired memory, neurological signs and symptoms progress

treatment of pernicious anemia

vitamin B12 injections.

dietary, such as including red meats and liver

lifelong treatment possibly required

what is sickle cell anemia

hereditary form of anemia in which RBC take on an abnormal, crescent shape. clumping of crescent-shaped RBCs, preventing them from passing through blood vessels. impaired circulation and chronic organ drainage

signs and symptoms of sickle cell anemia

anemia; episodic attacks of intense pain in arms, legs, or abdomen; jaundice in white of the eye; painful crises possibly triggered by infections, stress, and extremes in temperature; clinical manifestations in many body systems and organs

treatment of sickle cell anemia

analgesics, adequate hydration, regular blood transfusions which are useful in decreasing the severity of the disease, and in severe cases, a bone marrow transplant

what is leukemia

malignancy of bone marrow. proliferation (overgrowth) of WBC that are unable to carry on their normal function. crowding out of RBC and platelets by WBC, leading to anemia as well as bruising and bleeding problelms.

what forms of leukemia are there

acute and chronic

signs and symptoms

splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy. fatigue, malaise, easy bruising, exercise intolerance, night sweats, joint pain. some forms aer asymptomatic until late in the disease

what does the treatment of leukemia depend on

depends on the type of leukemia and the stage of development

treatment of leukemia

variety of chemotherapeutic agents, bone marrow transplants

what is lymphedema

abnormal accumulation of fluid within tissues

where is lymphedema most common

arms and legs

what is lymphedema possibly caused by

injury to the tissue (burns); blockage of the lymph channels by surgery; radical mastectomy with removal of underarm (axial) lymph nodes; injury (trauma); radiation therapy; surgery; skin infections; tumors

what could lymphedema lead to

fibrosis and inflammation of the tissues

signs and symptoms of lymphedema

generalized swelling of an arm or leg that may occur after surgery when a chain of lymph nodes has been removed. ineffective drainage of tissue fluid, causing edema

treatment of lymphedema

-compression (usually with multilayered bandages) to limit swelling and promote lymph drainage

-manual lymph drainage

-elevation of the body to promote drainage

-range of motion exercises

what is kaposi sarcoma

malignancy of connective tissue that causes purple, red, or brown patches to form under the skin and mucous membranes

where do lesions of kaposi sarcoma usually occur

on the legs and spread to the face, neck, back, and mouth. can possibly invade internal organs, including the lungs, intestines, and liver

what is kaposi sarcoma closely associated with

HIV infection and is considered an “AIDS-defining condition”

signs and symptoms of kaposi sarcoma

-purple, red, or brown patches on the skin or mucous membranes

-weight loss due to pain caused by eating when lesions are in the mouth or throat

-dyspnea when found in the lungs

-appearance first on the lower extremities but spreading to upper body, face, mucous membranes of the throat and internal organs

what does treatment of kaposi sarcoma depend on

the stage of infection and the degree of metastasis

treatment for kaposi sarcoma

commonly radiation therapy, chemotherapy, surgery, immunotherapy; pallative treatment, and good oral hygiene (essential)

what is systemic lupus erythematosus

an autoimmune disease when antibodies develop that attack the skin, joints, and other organs of the body. can be mild to life threatening. pattern of flares and remissions

who is systemic lupus erthematosus most common in

women

signs and symptoms of systemic lupus erythmatosus

fatigue; joint pain; anemia; abnormal blood clotting; edema; butterfly shaped rash over the nose and cheeks; sensitivity to light and sun

treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus

anti inflammatories; corticosteriods; antimalarials; immunosuppressives; anticoagulants

what is thrombocytopenia

deficiency in the number of circulating platelets. serious threat to hemostasis because of the vital role that platelets play in coagulation

what is the most common cause of hemorrhagic disorders

thrombocytopenia

signs and symptoms of thrombocytopenia

bruising; bleeding from nose and gums; prolonged bleeding after injury of dental procedures; petechiae (small hemorrhages) on the skin

treatment for thrombocytopenia

-treatment of the underlying cause of the platelet deficiency

-whole blood transfusions

-packed red blood cell transfusions

-platelet transfusions

what is an antibody (immunoglobulin)

protein produced by B lymphocytes that protects against substances (antigen) that are potentially harmful to the body