CRM 342 - FINAL EXAM

____constitute the largest proportion of juvenile offenses and consume a large amount of juvenile courts' time.

status offenses

The term used to describe the level to which persons are held legally responsible for their actions is:

culpability

Parens patriae more loosely but more correctly in a practical sense, means

state as parent

Which landmark court decision established parens patriae as settled law in American juvenile jurisprudence?

Ex Parte Crouse

The first juvenile court was established in which location?

Cook County, Illinois

The burden of proof traditionally used in juvenile court has been:

preponderance of the evidence

In principle, the juvenile court was supposed to:

emphasize an individualized approach to youthful offending

petition

An indictment in adult court is known as a ____________ in juvenile court.

detained

Juveniles can be _______ to adult court, where they are subject to criminal prosecution and punishments.

400

The practice of waiver increased by _______ percent in the 1980s over what it was in the 1970s.

Studies of juvenile waivers have shown that:

juveniles waived to adult courts are more likely to recidivate

The U.S. Supreme Court maintained a ______________ policy with regard to juvenile issues until 1948.

hands-off

Which case ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits police from obtaining confessions from juveniles?

Haley v. Ohio

Which case provided oversight to juvenile court proceedings, shifting away from the principle of parens patriae?

Kent v. United States

What was the sole issue before the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971)?

whether juveniles have the right to a jury trial

Which case held that mandatory life without parole for juveniles violates the Eighth Amendment's prohibition?

Miller v. Alabama

Which case ruled that the courts must consider all factors in deciding to impose the death sentence on juveniles?

Eddings v. Oklahoma

Which case ruled if states choose to execute juveniles who were 16/17 at the time of their crimes, it was permissible?

Stanford v. Kentucky

What programs are a part of the restorative justice balanced approach to bring offenders and victims together?

victim-offender reconciliation

Donald Black’s (1976) position on the relationship between formal and informal social control is that:

increasing reliance is placed on formal legal controls

What refers to the effect of the imposed punishment on the future behavior of the person who is punished?

specific deterrence

Which refers to the inability of incarcerated criminals to victimize people outside the prison walls?

reintegration

Which philosophy of punishment means to restore or return to constructive or healthy activity?

rehabilitation

Which philosophy of punishment looks to make punishment more certain, swift, and severe?

deterrence

_______ rates are determined by dividing the number of people incarcerated per 100,000 people in the population.

incarceration

Which of the following is true regarding the benefits of plea bargaining?

police are saved from appearances in court

judges and prosecutors have the speedy clearing of cases

victims have the benefit of certain conviction

Support for the death penalty goes up and down with:

crime rates

The death penalty is carried out relatively ___________ in the United States today.

rarely

In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court move in the direction of placing limits on death penalty appeals?

Coleman v. Thompson

The solution to biased sentencing is _______, which is neither abolition nor retention of capital punishment.

equity

"________" consisted of the involuntary administration of drugs, and one was not "cured" until in conformity.

treatment

Which case upheld a statute aimed at keeping certain sex offenders behind bars under civil commitment laws?

Kansas v. Hendricks

Which of the following is a religious exception allowed by the government over the history of the United States?

conscientious objectors have been excused from military duty

the Catholic Church can deny women ordination as priests

Muslims cannot be required to transport alcohol

Which case ruled that the company involved in the case does not have to provide contraceptive methods to its employees?

Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.

Which federal act made it a felony to transport females across state lines for immoral purposes?

Mann Act

In Roe v. Butterworth, Roe claimed that Florida’s prostitution laws:

violated her "fundamental right to privacy"

_________ prostitution means that it becomes a legitimate occupation and that the state can regulate and tax it.

legalizing

What simply means the removal of laws against prostitution without imposing regulatory controls on it?

decriminalization

In which case did Justice Potter Stewart declare that he could not define obscenity, "\[b\]ut I know it when I see it"?

Jacobellis v. Ohio

Which of the following restricted Medicaid funding for abortions to cases of rape or incest?

Hyde Amendment

According to the text, what is the ultimate legal authority in the United States?

U.S. Supreme Court

The U.S. Supreme Court did not assert the power of judicial review until Chief Justice John Marshall in which case?

Marbury v. Madison

Strict constructionists look for _________”to discover what the collective intention of the Framers was”

original intent

Strict constructionists believe that any stance other than strict constructionism leads to:

judicial activism

In which 1937 case did the U.S. Supreme Court declare the Wagner Act constitutional?

Pollock v. Farmer's Loan and Trust Company

According to the text, legal and political equality are natural equalities due to us by virtue of our:

humanity

Which case set the stage for jurisdiction over state legislatures, an exercise in power resisted by the states?

Fletcher v. Peck

Which case ruled that the Court had the final word over all federal and state courts?

Martin v. Hunter's Lessee

The U.S. Supreme Court became a major catalyst of social change under which chief justice from 1953 to 1969?

Earl Warren

Which U.S. Supreme Court case has been called "the single most honored opinion in the Supreme Court's opus"?

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court ban prayer in public schools?

Engel v. Vitale

Which philosopher demanded equality for all men, but expressly denied it for women?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Which writer argued that women are the ones who will educate future generations?

Mary Wollstonecraft

In the U.S., voting rights were first extended to lower class white males under the ________ reforms of the 1820s.

Jacksonian

Which Black female orator lamented that not giving Black women the right to vote would lead to oppression?

Sojourner Truth

Many changes for women did not occur until the 1970s when there was a resurge following on the heels of ______.

civil rights movement

Which act was passed as part of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994?

Violence Against Women Act

A series of experiments in 1982 showed that __________ resulted in a significant reduction in domestic violence.

mandatory arrest

In which year were women admitted to the bar in all states?

1920

By which decade were women finally being admitted to law schools and to the practice of law in larger numbers?

1970s

Which amendment to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 forbade discrimination in employment based on sex?

Title VII

By its nature, _____ is responsive to "the will of the people"-that is, the will of the majority of the people.

democracy

Some claim that the English case of ____________ should have been followed and all enslaved people freed.

Somerset v. Stewart

Which case is a moral step in the direction aimed at securing the status of "we the people" for African Americans?

United States, Appellants v. The Libellants

The practice of freeing slaves who had sojourned on free soil was based on which court case?

Scott v. Sandford

Passed in the South, what authorized local authorities to arrest unemployed Black people and to fine them for vagrancy?

Black Codes

What act stipulated that all persons were entitled to full access of all accommodations and facilities in public places?

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Which type of rights involve the right to vote, hold political office, or serve on juries?

political

In which case did a Louisiana statute require Black and white people to ride in "separate but equal" areas on trains?

Plessy v. Ferguson

Which case interpreted literacy tests as excluding Blacks on the basis of literacy, not race?

Williams v. State of Mississippi

Which Black leader emerged in the robust era of Jim Crowism with different ideas about how Blacks should respond?

Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. DuBois

Which early influential Black leader counseled that Blacks should aspire to higher education?

W.E. B. DuBois

Which court case ended racial segregation in American schools?

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

Which act gave federal officials both the power to bring desegregation suits on behalf of individuals?

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Indians were enslaved in how many of the thirteen colonies?

13

In 1838-1839, which Native American group marched over 1,000 miles in the dead of winter, losing 25% along the way?

Cherokee

The original seven offenses in the _______ became published yearly in the FBI's Uniform Crime Reports.

Major Crimes Act of 1885

From the time of the Dawes Act to 1934, the Indians lost approximately how much of their lands to Whites?-third

two-thirds

From the time they arrived in the United States, which group was subjected to special taxes?

Chinese

The U.S. Congress passed which act in 1882 to limit immigration from "undesirable" European countries?

Chinese Exclusion Act

Which case ruled that although interment was constitutionally suspect, it was justified during wartime?

Korematsu v. United States

Which Texas immigration case put an end to disenfranchisement efforts against Hispanics?

In re Rodriguez

Which case unanimously rule that the Fourteenth Amendment rights extend to all racial/ethnic groups?

Hernandez v. Texas

Which of these prohibited illegal aliens from obtaining social services such as health care and public education?

Save Our State Initiative

Which case denied Indian tribal sovereignty criminal jurisdiction over non-Indians in Indian country?

Oliphant v. Suquamish

Asians have gone from being loathed as the "yellow peril" to being lauded as the:

model minority

Why was property crime rare among the Inuit?

there was very little worth stealing

One alternate tactic that avoided bloodshed was a mechanism of self-redress among the Inuits called the:

song duel

Which nature of common law stems from the "trial by combat" method of settling disputes in medieval times?

adversarial

What refers to the judiciary's examination of the legality of the actions and decisions the government?

judicial review

Which country's system may be characterized as a crime control system?

France

A French trial, in a sense, takes place with an unspoken:

presumption of probably guilty

In a(n) ____ society, the state and the laws that support it would “wither away”

socialist

Which ancient Chinese philosopher expressed the attitude toward law that has pervaded Chinese thinking for centuries?

Confucius

Which of the following is true of interrogation in a Chinese trial?

the defendant does not have the right to remain silent

the victim or the victim's representatives may interrogate the defendant

the judge may interrogate the defendant

The average length of time a person sentenced to death waits until execution in China is:

two months

What country's law is a hybrid of the inquisitorial and adversarial systems, with strong emphasis on the former?

Saudi Arabia

Under Islamic law, usually a person can receive the penalty of death for which of the following hudud crimes?

apostasy (abandonment of, or renunciation of a religion by a person)

Under Islamic law, a free person may receive __________ for drinking alcohol.

80 lashes

What is the court of final appeals among the nations of the European Union?

European Court of Human Rights