Unit 6: Energy in Cells + Photosynthesis

adenosine diphosphate

• ADP

adenosine triphosphate

• ATP

aerobic respiration

• Cellular respiration with oxygen, this produces more ATP and production of lactic acid and alcohol goes down

anaerobic respiration

• Cellular respiration with out oxygen, this produces less ATP and production of lactic acid and alcohol goes up.

autotroph

• An organism that makes its own food/ dosen’t have to eat to get its food

heterotroph

• An organism that must consume its energy

mitochondria

• The organelle with in a cell that creates ATP

cellular respiration

• The getting of energy from food using areobic respiration

  • Involves the citric acid cycle, gycolosis, and oxidative phosphorylation

chlorophyll

• A green pigment located with in the chorloplasts of plants.

• participate in light reactions turning solar energy to food.

chloroplast

• An orgenelle found in plants and phtotosynthetic protists

• is used to turn sunlight, water, and CO2 into energy and o2

glycolysis

• The multistep chemical breakdown of a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate

• its the first stage in cellular respiration

• occurs in the cytoplamismic fluid

grana (granum) 

• A stack of membrane bound thylakoids in a chlorplasma

• Places where light energy are trapped by chrlophyl and converted to chemical energy during the light reactions by photosynthesis

inner chloroplast membrane

• The membrane on the inside of the chloroplast which regulates the passage of nutrients and information in and out of the cytoplasm

• the little body guard of the chloroplast

inner mitochondrial Membrane

• These create the folds within the mitocondria along for more surface area to have a reaction/process and make atp.

outer chloroplast membrane 

• The protective barrier of the chloroplast

• permeable

outer mitochondrial membrane 

• The protective barrier of the mitocondria

• allows the inner membrane space and is the information center for the mitochondria

Calvin Cycle (“dark rxns”)

• The second of two stages of photosynthesis; is a cyclic series of chemical reactions that occur in the stroma of a chloroplast, using the carbon CO2 and the ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions to make the energy-rich sugar molecule G3P.

mitochondrial matrix

• The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane (intermemebrane space) and contain enzymes and substrates for the critic acid cycle (or krebs cycle)

reduction

• The gain of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies oxidation.

oxidation

• The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies reduction.

phosphate group (P)

• A chemical group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms.

phosphorylation 

• The transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule. Nearly all cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules by phosphorylation.

pigment

• Absorb specific wavelengths of light and reflect others.]Chlorophyll make plants green, most every pant has some green pigment in it due to how photosynthesis works with tiny green pancakes

• Plants can have other pigments.

stomata (stoma) 

• A pore surrounded by guard cells under on the backside of a leaf.

• when stomata are open, CO2 enters a leaf, and water and O2 exit.

• A plant conserves water when stomata are closed.

stroma

• The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounds the thylakoid membrane and is involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.

• Sugars are made in the stroma by the enzymes of the Calvin cycle.

sunlight energy

• Energy from da sun

thylakoid

• Tiny green pancake located in the chloroplast, a stack of these is called a granum

• contains chlorophyll AND pROCESS LIGHT REACTIONS WITH PHTOTO SYNTHESIS FOR DAT SUGAR AND ATP

wavelength of light

• Lengths of light that are “colors” that are either absorbed or reflected.

• The color of your shirt is the wave length of light that can not be absorbed. (if your shirt is blue, the blue wavelength of light can not be absorbed so aapers to the human eyes as blue)

photosynthesis

• process in which plants (and some other little guys) use light energy to make chemical energy for themselves whith little lads called chloroplasts

light energy

• Energy from da sun

light reactions

• First teo stages of photosynthesis

• steps in which light is absorbed and converted to chemical energy