EUKARYOTES

Last Common Ancestor

Precursor where bacteria and eukaryotes evolved from

Endosymbiosis

• Origin of organelles, such as the mitochondrion

and chloroplast, are said to be due to bacterial /

archaeal cell parasitizing a descendant of the

LCA

• The act of protists engulfing each other which

results to prokaryotic cells

70S ribosomes

o Ribosome subunit that is found in prokaryotes

o Are present in the matrix of mitochondria and chloroplast

80S ribosomes

o Ribosome subunit that is found in eukaryotes

Tissues

Group of cells that perform specific functions

Organs

Group of tissues

unicellular

Unicellular, Multicellular, or Both? - Protozoa

Both

Unicellular, Multicellular, or Both? - Fungi

Both

Unicellular, Multicellular, or Both? - Algae

Multicellular

Unicellular, Multicellular, or Both? - Helminths (adult stage)

Unicellular

Unicellular, Multicellular, or Both? - Helminths (egg or larval forms stage)

Flagella

• 10x thicker than bacteria

• Structurally more complex

• Covered by an extension of the cell membrane

• Long, sheathed cylinder containing regularly

spaced hollow microtubules

Cilia

• Similar in overall structure to flagella

• Shorter and more numerous

• Found only in a single group of protozoa and

certain animal cells

• Functions in feeding and filtering structures & locomotion

Glycocalyx

• Outermost boundary that comes into direct

contact with the environment

• Also known as the extracellular matrix (ECM)

• Composed of polysaccharides

Cell Wall

• Found in fungi and algae

• Functions

o Rigid

▪ Prevents cell from lysing

▪ Makes the cell stable

o Provide structural support and shape

• Has different chemical composition than

bacterial cell walls

• Chitin or cellulose in fungi

Cytoplasmic Membrane

• Typical bilayer of phospholipids

• Contain sterols

• Has selectively permeable barriers

• Functions for transporting nutrients in and waste products out

Sterols

o Helps survival of microorganisms in extreme environment

o Stabilize eukaryotic membranes

Nucleus

• Compact sphere

• Where genetic information originates

• Most prominent organelle

Nuclear Envelope

separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

Nucleolus

o Stains more intensely (darkest) due to its RNA content

o Site for ribosomal RNA synthesis

Chromatin

The material of eukaryotic chromosomes

o Units of genetic information in the cell

o Long, linear DNA molecules bound to histone proteins

o Visible during mitosis

Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Passageway of the cell

• Microscopic series of tunnels

• Used for transport and storage

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Ribosomes attached to its surface

• Proteins held for packaging and transport

Cisternae

Spaces inside the RER

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Does not contain ribosomes

• Synthesis and storage of nonprotein molecules such as lipids

cisternae

stack of several flattened, disc-shaped sacs

Golgi Apparatus

• Site of protein modification and transport

• Also known as the packaging house

• Consists of stack of flattened, disc-shaped sacs

• Closely connected to the ER

transitional vesicles

Formed by the Endoplasmic Reticulum that are picked up by the Golgi Apparatus

Condensing Vesicles

pinch off of the Golgi apparatus and are then conveyed to lysosomes or transported outside the cell

Secretory Vesicles

contain secretions that will be discharged from the cell these vesicles will perform exocytosis (fusing with the plasma membrane to empty contents)

Lysosomes

- contain variety of enzymes

- Functions for intracellular digestion of food and protection against microorganisms

Vacuoles

• Membrane-bound sacs

• Contain fluids or solid particles to be digested, excreted, or stored

Phagolysosome

Merged structure of the vacuole with a lysosome

Mitochondria

- Energy generators of the cell

- Supply the bulk of energy of the cells

Cristae

• Folds on the inner membrane that hold the enzymes and electron carries of aerobic respiration

Matrix

complex fluid that holds ribosomes, DNA, and the pool of enzymes and other compounds involved in the metabolic cycle.

Mitosomes

pared-down versions of mitochondria

Chloroplasts

found in algae and plant cells that are capable of converting the energy of sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

Thylakoids

Third membrane folded into small, disc-like sacs

Grana

Thylakoids that are stacked upon one another

Ribosomes

numerous tiny particles that give a dotted appearance to the cytoplasm.

Polyribosomes (polysomes)

Multiple ribosomes that are often found arranged in short chains

Macrolides

bind to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the elongation of the protein chain. This inhibits protein synthesis, which stops bacterial growth (bacteriostatic), although they can be bactericidal at higher concentrations.

Cytoskeleton

Framework of molecules that functions to anchor organelles, moving RNA and vesicles, and permitting shape changes and movement in some cells.

Actin Filaments

- long, thin protein strands about 7 nanometers in diameter.

- They are found through out the cell but are most highly concentrated just inside the cell membrane.

- responsible for cellular movements such as contraction, crawling, pinching during cell division, and formation of cellular extensions.

Microtubulues

- long, hollow tubes that maintain the shape of eukaryotic cells when they don't have cell walls and transport substances from one part of a cell to another

- responsible for the movement of cilia and flagella

Intermediate Filaments

- ropelike structures that are about 10 nm in diameter.

- functions in structural reinforcement of the cell and of organelles

Myceteae

Another term for the kingdom fungi

Macroscopic and Microscopic

Two divisions of fungi

mushrooms, puffballs, and gill fungi

Examples of Macroscopic fungi

yeasts and molds

Examples of Microscopic fungi

Yeast cell

A fungi that has a round to oval shape and uses asexual reproduction.

Buds

Fungi that grows swelling on its surface

Hyphae

long, threadlike cells found in the bodies of filamentous fungi, or molds.

Pseudohypha

chain of yeasts formed when buds remain attached in a row

Dimorphic

occurring or existing in two different forms

Heterotrophic

Organisms that acquire nutrients from a wide variety of organic materials called substrates

Saprobes

Organisms that obtain substrates from the remnants of dead plants and animal in soil or aquatic habitats

Parasites

Organisms that live on the bodies of living animals or plants

Mycoses

Animal (including human) diseases cause by fungi

Mycelium

the woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of a mold

Septa

the cells that make up hyphae are divided by these cross walls

Septate Hyphae

solid partitions with no communication between the compartments to partial walls with small pores.

Nonseptate Hyphae

consist of one long, continuous cell not divided into individual compartments by cross walls.

Vegetative Hyphae

responsible for the visible mass of growth that appears on the surface of a substrate and penetrates it to digest and absorb nutrients

Spores

fungal reproductive bodies

Fungal Spores

Responsible not only for multiplication, but also for survival, producing genetic variation, and dissemination.

Sporangiospores

- formed by successive cleavages within a saclike head called sporangium, which is attached to a stalk, the sporangiophore.

- initially closed but are released when the sporangium ruptures.

Conidiospores (conidia)

- free spores that are not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac.

- they develop either by the pinching off of the tip of a special fertile hypha or by the segmentation of a preexisting vegetative hypha.

Sexual Spore Formation

Simple fusion of fertile hyphae of two different strains to a complex union of male and female structures and the development of special fruiting structures.

Mucormycosis

Commonly known as black fungus

aflatoxin

A potentially lethal poison that is synthesized by Aspergillus flavus

Saccharomyces

produces the alcohol in beer and wine and the gas that causes bread to rise.

Subkingdom Algae and Subkingdom Protozoa

The two major taxonomic categories of Kingdom Protista.

Algae

Group of photosynthetic organisms usually recognized by their larger members.

Plankton

- One of main components of the large floating community of microscopic organisms

- Play an essential role in the aquatic food web and produce about 70% of the earth's oxygen.

Red Tide

Imparts a brilliant red color to the water due to the overgrowth of motile algae.

Paralytic shellfish poisoning

- Caused by eating exposed clams or other invertebrates.

- Marked by severe neurological symptoms and can be fatal.

Ciguatera

- caused by algal toxins that have a accumulated in fish such as bass and mackerel.

First Animals

Protozoa means?

Ectoplasm

A clear outer layer involved in locomotion, feeding, and protection.

Endoplasm

A granular inner region that houses the nucleus, mitochondria, and food and contractile vacuoles.

Foraminiferes

Amoebas that encase themselves in hard shells made of calcium carbonate.

Pellicle

Outer layer of some amoebas

Parasitic species

Species that live on the fluids of their host, such as plasma and digestive juices, or they can actively feed on tissues.

Sporozoa

A group of protozoa that cannot move through liquids

Trophozoites

Protozoa in their motile feeing stage

Cyst

Dormant, resting stage of protozoa

Trichomonas vaginalis

A protozoan with many flagellum at the base and has one nucleus.

Giardia lamblia

A protozoan with many flagellum at the apex and has 2 nucleus

Conjugation

form of genetic exchange in which two cells fuse temporarily and exchange micronuclei.

Sporozoites

Special sporelike cells that sporozoa produces.

Oocytes

Thick-walled zygotes that most sporozoa forms

Toxoplasma gondii

causes infection in human, which is acquired from cats and other animals

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Phylum of flatworms

Phylum Aschelminthes

Phylum of roundworms

Flatworms

have a very thin, often segmented body plan

Roundworms

have a long, cylindrical, unsegmented body

Cestodes or tapeworms

Flatworm that is named for their long, ribbon-like arrangement

Trematodes or flukes

Flatworm that is characterized by flat, oval bodies