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What is an NGO (non-government organisation)
Independent, often non-profit organisations that participate in humanitarian rights activities.
What is carbon offsetting?
A way of compensating for your Co2 emissions by funding equivalent Co2 savings elsewhere.
What is the NGMC (new global middle class)?
People with disposable incomes who can afford luxeries
What is biocapacity?
The capacity of a given biologically productive area to generate an on-going supply of renewable resources and absorb over-spill wastes
What is carrying capacity?
The max. number of people an area of land can support with current technology
What Are TNC's? (Transnational Corporations)
Corporations that practise foreign investment overseas, produces goods and sources in foreign countries.
How has the new global middle class changed
It has significantly increased with around half the world middle class or above
What is Boserup's theory?
humans will always find a way to increase food production to feed growing populations. She is optimistic, innovations will increase supply and allow for further growth.
What is the Malthusian theory?
the idea that a population tends to grow faster than the subsistence needed to sustain it and when carrying capacity is reached, limiting factors such as food take over. A population cannot move past carrying capacity without consequences, eg. famine
What is the food-water-energy nexus
The interconnectivity between water, energy and food resources
How are food-water related
water is needed for agriculture
NGMC, increased consumption of exotic foods “virtual water exported”
More meats, cows consume cattle feed, so more water to grow cattle feed
How are energy-water related
Water needed for nuclear power in cooling
Used in hydroelectric power
desalination uses high amounts of energy
How are food-energy related
Transportation of food, increasing globalisation of foods/diet
Machinery used in agro-industrial food systems
How does climate change affect food-water interactions
Changes to agri-systems, high temperatures and less water means more drought. Use drought-resistant fodder eg. Aloe vera
How does climate change affect energy-water interactions
Need for water conservation- grey water use
How does climate change affect food-energy interactions
Need for efficiency in food transport systems
How can farming be adapted to reduce water use
Contour ploughing
What is sustainable development
Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
What factors threaten water security
Population growth
New lifestyle pressures with greater water demands
The appropriation of some peoples water by other societies
Climate change
What factors threaten food security
Undernourishment and undernutrition
Population growth
Changing lifestyles
What factors threaten energy security
Global increase in energy demand
Population growth
Growth of manufacturing and industry
What is the fragile middle class
Globally there are 2 billion people who have escaped poverty but have yet to join the NGMC. They may slide back into poverty easily
How is the global spread of wealth equal
The richest 8 people alive hold personal wealth equivalent to the poorest half of humanity.
What is relative poverty
When a persons income is too low to maintain the average standard of living in a particular society. Asset growth for very rich people can lead to more people being in relative poverty.
What is the ecological footprint
A crude measurement of the area of land or water required to provide a person with the resources to live (food, water, energy) and also absorb waste
How are fish stocks managed to prevent insufficient fish
Fishing quotas prevent the permanent loss of populations
Overfishing can lead to the collapse of the fish stock industry
What is peak oil
The point when the maximum rate of global oil production is reached
How is individual carbon footprint calculated
Dietary habits
Energy efficiency of home
Personal purchasing
Travel
How has agriculture and food + drink production increased global water consumption
agriculture requires a lot of water
Irrigation has caused a large amount of water withdrawn from semi-arid areas
How has industry increased global water consumption
emerging economy growth has increased industry worldwide
This creates pressure on water supplies
How has household water consumption increased global water consumption
Poverty reduction and NGMC growth has meant that more people have gained access to unlimited safe water.
What is embedded water
A measure of the amount of water used in the production and transport to market of food and commodities
What is the nutrition transition
A change in diet from staple carbohydrates towards meat and fish proteins and dairy products
What are some geographic implications of the nutrient transition
Animals use a lot of converted biomass energy roaming around, defecating and respiring
Beef cattle eat more grain than meat they produce
Cattle rearing puts excessive demand on grain supplies which could be used for humans directly
What is the energy mix
The proportions of hydrocarbons, renewable energy and nuclear energy a country uses
How do physical factors affect a countries energy mix
if oil or coal is found within a countries borders
Renewable energy opportunities depend on factors such as sunlight intensity, wind speeds and tidal range
How do environmental factors affect a countries energy mix
Worries about climate change have led to increased commitment to renewable energy sources
How do economic and political factors affect a countries energy mix
The rise and fall of oil prices has had an effect on the energy mix
The disasters at Chernobyl and Fukushima have discouraged some countries from using nuclear fuel
How does climate change affect renewable energy supplies
Shrinking ice stores and changing river regimes may affect hydroelectric power.
Changes in wind patterns, cloud cover and rainfall may impact renewable energy supplies and solar power
Biofuels may be harder to grow in some places
How are ocean resources managed by a stewardship approach
Marine protected areas in the high seas, however illegal fishing activities still occur due to lack of enforcement
Fishing catch quotas
Local no fishing zones in places which have been overfished
Education about reducing fish consumption
What are the characteristics of a circular economy
All outputs are re-processed and all waste is viewed as a resource
Food is managed more carefully, all waste is composted
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