Biology 192 Exam 3

Health, fitness, & wellness; clinical exercise physiology, exercise prescription, and kinesiology

health

a healthy state of wellbeing free from disease

fitness

good physical condition; being in shape or in condition

wellness

an overarching term of health that encompasses physical, social, intellectual, environmental, and spiritual health

physical health

all the behaviors that keep your body healthy

mental health

emotional stability to cope with stress

intellectual health

active mind/lifelong learner

spiritual health

sense of meaning and purpose

social health

the development and maintenance of interpersonal relationships

financial and occupational health

finances and job security

cardiorespiratory endurance

ability of a person to perform exercise using a large muscle for a prolonged period of time (VO2 max)

field test

cheaper and can test larger numbers; ex. one mile walk, run

laboratory tests

submaximal and maximal; more expensive and not accessible to everyone

submaximal exercise test

(laboratory) used to estimate VO2 max for people who can't exercise maximally; not the most acurate

maximal exercise test

exercise until you can't anymore, directly measures oxygen consumption with a metabolic cart; most accurate but very expensive and less available

muscular strength

maximal ability of a muscle to generate force, rep max

muscular endurance

a muscle group's ability to perform repeated submaximal contractions; push-ups, sit-ups, pull-ups

body composition

BMI= kg/m^2; body fat %

men's body fat %

13%-17%

women's body fat %

20%-25%

underwater/hydrostatic weighing

3-5% error, tells in mm how much fat is in the skin

skin folds

5-7% error but most accesible

clinical exercise physiology

involves exercise testing and prescription, work with people at risk or anyone who wants to minimize the risk of disease related to inactivity

purposes of exercise testing

functional (level of fitness), diagnostic (underlying disease), and prognostic (progress, prognosis)

why do we screen?

indications vs. contraindications, to determine what kind of exercise is appropriate, to asses if medical personnel is necessary to be present

indication

reason to exercise test

contraindication

reason to NOT perform an exercise test

absolute contraindication

will NOT exercise test

relative contraindication

weigh the risks vs. benefits

PAR-Q

physical activity readiness questionnaire, used for apparently healthy individuals (ages 15-69)

medical history

diagnoses, hospitalizations, medications, family history, physical activity

physical exam

mandatory for everyone, auscultation, blood pressure, pulse rate, pulmonary function, resting EKG/ECG

white coat syndrome

higher blood pressure when being examined by a medical professional

bradydysrhythmia

slow heart rate with abnormal rhythm

EKG

graphic recording of the electrical activity of the heart

depolarization

exciting the heart for contraction

repolarization

returning the heart to resting potential for relaxation

P wave

atrial depolarization (chemical) leads to atrial contraction (systole)

QRS complex

ventricular depolarization (chemical) ventricular contraction (mechanical)

T wave

ventricular repolarization (chemical) ventricular relaxation (diastole, mechanical)

informed consent

consent by a patient to undergo a medical or surgical treatment or to participate in an experiment after the patient understands the risks involved

minor/child informed consent

for a child and their parents, makes sure the child understands and consents as well

graded exercise testing

usually conducted on a treadmill or cycle, lasts 8-15 minutes; can be maximal or submaximal, intensity increased in steps, different populations

VO2

oxygen consumption; amount of oxygen that you take in, transport, and use

relative VO2

considers body size, at rest: 3.5 mL/kg/min (METS x resting VO2)

absolute VO2

L O2/min (relative VO2 / weight in Kg x 1000)

oxygen consumption

measured via calorimetry, described in METS

maximal oxygen consumption

VO2 max (max aerobic capacity), related to endurance, age, and sex

bruce protocol

commonly used; 3 MET increase per stage, starts at 4.5 METS, good for younger fitter subjects, 8-15 minutes

Naughton protocol

better suited for diseased populations, gradual increases, lower speeds than bruce; 1 MET increase per stage, start at 2 METS

Balke protocol

very gradual increase in intensity, for older diseased individuals; 0.5 MET increase per stage, start at 3.5 METS

gradual exercise testing parameters

oxygen consumption, heart rate, blood pressure, EKG, blood lactate concentration, dyspnea, angina, and Borg rating

borg scale

how hard you feel the exercise is; 6-20

exercise prescription goals

improve health, improve physical capacity, and ensure safety (don't create or aggravate injuries)

training principles

specificity, overload, progression, and progressive overload

specificity

exercise training should be matched to specific goals

overload

stimulating the involved muscles or organs at an increased level, causing adaptations

progression

how rapidly we increase the volume of training, should be gradual; 10% rule (no more than 10% increase/week), FIT (frequency, intensity, and time)

progressive overload

frequency, intensity, duration, and type of exercise

frequency and duration trade off

x axis: frequency (days/week) duration (minutes/workout)
y axis: change in VO2 max (relative, mL/kg/min)

regression

training principle; losing your gains

individuality of response

training principle; consider people's goals when setting up exercise programs for them

cardiovascular disease group

heart disease (#1 cause of death), coronary artery disease (buildup of plaque in the vessels)
treatment: diet, drugs, exercise

post heart transplant group

new heart has no nerve connections (includes vagus and cardiac accelerator nerve), resting heart rate is elevated and max heart rate may only be 20-40 bpm above resting (slow exercise response), immunosuppressive drugs

pulmonary diseases group

most common is COPD (emphysema and bronchitis), asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, sleep apnea
treatment: stop smoking, drugs, diet, exercise

Type 2 diabetes group

(NIDDM) family history, inactivity, obesity; symptoms are polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and glucosuria
glucose challenge with insulin resistance
treatment: insulin, diet, exercise, metformin

obesity group

correlated with hypertension, insulin resistance, low HDL (risk for

kinesiology

science of movement

Aristotle

father of kinesiology

Archimedes

principles of buoyancy

Galen

antagonist muscle pairs, diarthrodial and synarthrodial

Sir Isaac Newton

Newton's laws

Newton's 1st law

law of inertia; body at rest will remain at rest until acted on by an external force

Newton's 2nd law

law of acceleration; object's velocity will change in magnitude in direct proportion to the force acting on it and inversely to the object's mass (ex. throwing a baseball)

Newton's 3rd law

law of reaction; for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction (ex. slingshot)

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right halve

frontal plane

divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)

transverse plane

divides body into superior (cranial) and inferior (caudal) halves

sagittal plane movements

flexion (decreasing angle), extension (increasing angle), and hyperextension

frontal plane movements

abduction (away from body), adduction (towards body), and lateral flexion (tilting away from body)

transverse plane movements

rotation

directions

anterior - front
posterior - back
superior - up
inferior - down
medial - middle
lateral - side

skeleton

rigid framework for the body, muscle attachment, movement, protection of organs, storage of calcium and phosphate, blood cell production

axial skeleton

skull, spine, vertebrae, sternum, and ribs

appendicular skeleton

arms, pectoral girdle, legs, pelvic girdle

bone features

tuberosity, process, fossa, condyle, foramen

tuberosity

raised area where the tendon attaches

process

raised area or extension where the tendon attaches

fossa

depression where another bone attaches

condyle

rounded area on a bone that connects another bone, sometimes fitting into a fossa

long bones

long bones with articular surfaces near the ends (femur)

short bones

nearly equal in length and width

flat bones

enclose and protect soft organs and provide broad surfaces for muscle attachment

irregular bones

elaborate shapes that do not fit into any of the above categories

sesamoid bones

bones embedded in tendons

joint

place where two or more bones come together- articulation

synarthrodial joint

articulations without movement ex. joints of skull and teeth

ampiarthrodial joint

articulation with minor movement, cartilaginous ex. pubic symphysis and rib to sternum

diarthrodial joint

relatively free movement in 1,2, or 3 planes; synovial ex. hips, shoulders

nonaxial joint

movement in 1 plane, no rotation

barometric pressure

atmospheric pressure as indicated by a barometer; PB