Parenting Final- Larkin

coparenting

various people who team up and collaborate in the parenting process, has executive functioning and emotional attachment/commitment to child

parenting trends

move from authoritarian to permissive parenting, discouraging corporal punishment, psychologically inspired techniques encouraged

binuclear family

children who have access to two families, usually a result of parental divorce

blended families

not any worse than a typical family, challenges dealing with a complicated extended family network and forming a new family identity

sandwich generation

generation caring for parents and children at the same time, experience role strain and possibly burnout esp if juggling career obligations and marriage

kinship families

grandparents take custody of grandchildren usually due to substance abuse, mental illness, physical illness, and financial problems

ambigious loss

uncertainty and worry about potential situations which can affect safety, health, and longevity

parents role

teachers, responsible for core of teaching and learning, instills values and attitudes that guide children towards autonomy and adulthood, parental competency is necessary

nurture

ways in which love and emotional support/warmth is demonstrated towards others and ourselves

structure

provided through the internalized boundaries and controls acquired through socialization experiences that guide behavior

responsive care

when a parent determines what a child’s needs are and appropriately reacts to those needs

corporal punishment

discipline that uses physical force to control/correct a child and inflict pain (with emotional humiliation), victims of corporal punishment display aggressive behaviors and destructive parenting strategies in adulthood

authoritative parenting

high structure, high nurture: focuses on inherent strengths of child and emphasizes autonomy within developmentally appropriate boundaries

permissive parenting

high nurture, low structure: avoids excessive control, does not enforce obedience to externally defined standards and allows children to regulate their own activities

authoritarian parenting

high structure, low nurture: uses control and social power over children’s behavior and is anchored in traditional methods of parenting

uninvolved parenting

low nurture, low structure: emotionally absent or disengaged and provides minimal input. in extreme form: neglect

cognitive behavior approaches

application of effective, conscientious, and positive reinforcement, behaviors shamed by using reinforcement and paying close attention to the time and context of reinforcement

relationship-based approaches to parenting

listening and communication skills between parent and child, method for resolving conflicts that occur within relationships, basic counseling principles are applied to parent-child communication

social learning theory

emphasizes influence of modeling and observation in learning a variety of social behaviors and roles, parents and teachers are role models

multimodal approaches

use of many theories and application which depends on parent and child, eclectic parenting using different elements to reach the best outcomes

infant mortality

high threat of death in old times led parents to be physically not emotionally involved, depend on extended families and society groups for survival

john locke evolution of childhood theory

children are a blank slate who are impressed upon

john watson evolution of childhood theory

children are influenced by adults; nature vs. nurture debate

Jean-Jacques Rousseau evolution of childhood theory

the younger the child when we discipline, the better the outcome of the kid

montessori/waldorf/steiner learning

child led learning, value of play

enculturation

gradual acquisition of characteristics and norms of a culture group by a person

what is acculturation

individual adopts a new culture when placed in a new one.

ethnocentrism

occurs when we use the understandings of our culture to compare, evaluate and judge those of others

socialization

process of acquiring personal values, attitudes, and behaviors that reflect demans of the cultural environment, modeling and imitation, prosocial behaviors and social skills, aggressive expressions peak, encouragement of positive gender role development

bidirectional parenting

children and parents both impact each other

bowlby and ainsworth attachment theory

having consistent, loving parents or significant reliable caregivers allows development of trust and is the foundation of attachment

erik erikson theories

mental change is a process throughout the lifespan, we go through psychosocial crises which ideally need to be resolved, developmental change is enhanced or impeded, experiences are relationally based

sociocultural theory

parents provide social and physical experiences that create learning opportunities for kids, social interaction is how kids learn, kids culture shapes thinking about and understanding of their world

brondfenbrenner: microsystem

family, school, peers, neighborhood playground, daycare facility, religious organization, health services

bronfenbrenner: mesosystem

ties together micro and exosystem

bronfenbrenner: exosystem

extended family and neighbours, parents economic situation, mass media, social services and health care, government agencies, school board

bronfenbrenner: macrosystem

attitudes and idealogies of the culture

bronfenbrenner: chronosystem

environmental changes that occur over life course

family systems theory

maintain stability of family group over time, family is greater than sum of its parts, what affects one affects all, regulates behavior and allows members to anticipate each others behaviors, reach homeostasis and share common goals

beneficence

best interest, proactive

nonmaleficence

do no harm

dependent child

in need of protection because their parents will not or cannot provide for the basic care of the child

divorce: mediation

couples negotiate and work together with the help of a trained neutral third party

collaborative divorce

each party hires a specially trained collaborative lawyer

guardian ad litem

appointed for child who cannot or should not represent themselves, provides developmentally appropriate explanations to child, ensure childs rights are protected

family of creation/nuclear family

family we create with a partner and includes our own children

developmental plasticity

You can reshape attachment patterns and effects of trauma in kids because their brains are moldable and still developing.

postpartum depression

affects 15% of women, mood swings, fatigue, lack of joy. affects attachment and bonding and contributes to baby failing to thrive

public adoption

through a licensed agency

private adoption

a third party arranges adoption between potential parents and birth mother

closed adoption

identities of biological and adoptive parents are confidential

open adoption

biological and adoptive parents have access to each other’s records and can contact each other

semi-open adoption

permits access to information to all parties; no contact or visitation takes place

infancy

birth to first year following birth, parental responsibility to learn infants communication patterns to provide responsive and responsible cARE

Infants brain deelopment

rapid growth during the first 2 years, subcortical level lays the foundation, emphasis on nurture, mirror neurons

childcare

Stabilty of care and quality are the most imp factors

toddlerhood

18 months, potty training and intake of solid foods contribute to development of autonomy, play stimulates cognitive development and social skills

toddlers cognitive development

initially predominantly judge by physical development and reaching developmental milestones, serve and return loop reflects parent and child, language acquisition is CRUCIAL

preschoolers

3-5 years, kids are participating family members, language development

self reguation for toddlers

directs emotion and behavior appropriately, delayed gratification, tantrums

gender roles and sexuality

refraining from stereotypes and creating space for non-traditional roles, body awareness begins to increase, age appropriate communication

middle childhood

6 years to 12 years, new autonomy and further development of cognitive and social skills, parents focus on personal development

adversity

important to produce resilience, focus on effort not just outcome, process of investing effort

self-eficacy

believing you can do it

influence of peers on teens

most influential at this point in time, helps children learn social lessons and can exert a mutual influence on members

noncompliance

failure to comply with parental requests and disobey rules, encourage positive rewards, consequences, clear and concise verbiage

antisocial behaviors

behaviors promoting ill will, interfere with effective communication and interaction, constitute negative ways of getting attention and serve as a means of expressing anger, dishonesty and stealing

adolescene

13-18, rapid physical and psychological change, individual emancipation, experimentation, idealism, and uncertainty

teen pregnancy

rates going down due to contraceptives and sex education

grandparent role

encouragement, support for parents, teachers/pass down family history

fragile families

due to socioeconomic challenges, physical health, psychological well-being

adverse childhood experiences ACE

can facilitate conditions that disrupt neurodevelopment which in turn can pave the way for social, emotional, and cognitive vulnerability

external assets

support, boundaries, expectations, constructive use of time

internal assets

commitment to learning, positive values, social competencies, positive identity

ABCX model: A

stressor event

ABCX model: B

resources available

ABCX model: C

family’s perceptions of the stressor

ABCX model: X

outcome/crisis

young children and grief

regressive behaviors, repetitive questions, use concrete words, maintain routine

elementary schoolers and grief

express grief in short burts, allow child to utilize play without correcting or redirecting

middle schoolers and grief

more focus on social relationships, variation of questioning, continue with honest and age appropriate answers, puberty onset effects emotional reactions

high school and grief

challenges worldview, increased anxiety, fear, loss of identity, strong self-esteem is protective, unhealthy coping strategies become more apparent, open communication

child maltreatment

behavior that causes significant psychological and physical harm to child. includes neglect and situations when someone knowingly fails to prevent serious harm to a child

non-accidental trauma

trauma that is willfully inflicted

cycle of violence

tension building, violence/explosion, reconciliation

bidirectional and dynamic interaction: risk and resiliency

society influences us as individuals and as members of that society, individuals in turn shape larger society, ongoing and adaptive

protective factors: risk and resiliency model

contribute toward good outcomes despite adversity, act as buffers, stand between youth or family and adversity, therapy/medications/parent child attachment/education

resilience

process that engages personality traits, personal resources and other aspects from the larger ecological system

what does resiliency do

reduces whatever will cause impact, interrupts chain of risk, prevents and blocks risk of harm

marriage and family rates

marriage rates declined and people are getting married later in life

power of family support

incongruence

when who we are/what we believe we are/what others see us as do not line up

invincibility

individuals thinking they are capable of anything/bad things wont happen to them

egocentrism

child thinks it only all about them, focus is on oneself, everything is happening to ME

secure attachment

babies become upset when parent leaves and are comforted when they return

avoidant attachment

babies barely react or dont react when their parent leaves and returns

resistant attachment

babies become very upset when their parent leaves and is difficult to comfort upon return

disorganized attachment

erratic/incoherent reactions to parent leaving/returning

mirror neurons

learn from our parents and mirror receptive behaviors

heinecky

looks at before and after the child is born and the quality of parents relationship based on that