psychology hl - ib 2024

interval of time between words on a list would increase the number of words recalled at the start of the list.

interval of time between words on a list would increase the number of words recalled at the start of the list.

aim - glanzer and cunitz - multi store memory model - 1966

Sample - 240 Army enlisted men. 

independent sample design.

6 different conditions, read words at different time rates

variation of time and repetition in each group

two minutes to write down the words

procedure - glanzer and cunitz - multi store memory model - 1966

both primacy and recency effects were shown. With the 10-second distraction task - reduction in the recency effect. In the 30-second delay - "no trace" of the recency effect.

results - glanzer an cunitz - multi store memory model - 1966

supports that the primacy effect is the result of rehearsal. The increased time interval allowed for more rehearsal, leading to a greater overall recall of the list of words.  However, as words in the STM were still available in working memory, there was no significant change in the frequency of recall.

findings - glanzer an cunitz - multi store memory model - 1966

investigate if articulatory suppression would influence the recall of a written list of phonologically dissimilar letters in serial recall.

aim - Landry and Bartling 2011 - working memory model

• Independent sample design - controlled and experimental.

• 2 groups, both read a list of 10 letters. 

• controlled - They read the list of 10 letters without articulatory suppression

• The experimental - They read the list of 10 letters with articulatory suppression. saying the numbers One and Two out loud whilst memorising the letters. 

  They received an answer sheet to write down the letters. They were graded on their accuracy.

procedure - landry and bartling - 2011 - working memory model

scores from experimental group were lower than controlled group. The mean percent of accurate recall in the control group was 76% compared to a mean of 45% in the experimental group.

results - landry and bartling 2011- working memory model

mean percent of accurate recall in the control group was higher than the mean percent of accurate recall in the experimental group. Articulatory suppression is preventing rehearsal in the phonological loop because of overload. This resulted in difficulty in memorizing the letter strings for participants in the experimental conditions whereas the participants in the control condition did not experience such overload.

findings - landry and bartling 2011 - working memory model

Demonstrates very clearly the effect of anchoring on estimating the value of a mathematics problem.

aim - tversky and Kahneman 1974 - dual processing model

Independent samples design.
participants - high school students.
ascending and descening condition
Participants in the “ascending condition” were asked to quickly estimate the value of 1 X 2 X 3 X 4 X 5 X 6 X 7 X 8 in five seconds.

Those in the “descending condition” were asked to quickly estimate the value of 8 X 7 X 6 X 5 X 4 X 3 X 2 X 1.

procedure - tversky and Kahneman 1974 - dual processing model

median for the ascending group was 512; the median for the descending group was 2250. The actual value is 40320.

results - tversky and Kahneman 1974 - dual processing model

confirms the dual processing model as it shows how we use system 1 - which is quick and sometimes highlight unreliable to find an answer to a question. because of the limited time participants look at 1 as the anchor and create an answer based on that.

findings - tversky and Kahneman 1974 - dual processing model

if schema processing influences encoding(adding to your memory) and retrieval(using information already in your memory). They wanted to see if people would remember more details about a story based on their assigned perspective - either a robber or a house buyer.

aim - anderson and pitchert 1978 - schema theory

• The sample was made up of 39 psychology students. 

• The participants were randomly allocated to one of two conditions - the "robber condition" or the "home buyer condition." 

• 12 minutes to take an 84-item vocabulary test. 

• write down as much as you remember

• after finished, 5 minute spatial puzzle task
  
  asked to recall a second time. Half were told to do some from the same perspective that they used in the first recall; half were told to use the other perspective.

procedure - anderson and pitchert 1978 - schema theory

changed their perspective recalled an additional 7.1% of the information relevant to their new perspective. The group that did not change perspective recalled 2.9% less information relevant to their perspective.

results - anderson and pitchert 1978 - schema theory

Burglar information was better recalled than homebuyer information. This may be because students do not have a well-developed homebuyer schema. it is likely that the schema influenced encoding. The group that had the burglar perspective recalled more burglar information and the group that had the homebuyer perspective recalled more homebuyer information. In other words, it is likely that the schema influenced retrieval.

findings - anderson and pitchert 1978 - schema theory

to test the influence of anchoring bias on decision-making. 

aim - strass and mussweiler 1977- anchoring bias

opportunity sample of 69 German undergraduates recruited from the university canteen at lunchtime. In one part - given an implausible anchor to see if it would have an effect. 
The participants were randomly allocated to one of two conditions. In each condition, participants were asked one of the following questions:

Did Mahatma Gandhi die before or after the age of 9?     [low anchor, implausible]

Did Mahatma Gandhi die before or after the age of 140? [high anchor, implausible]

The actual question was:

How old was Mahatma Gandhi when he died?

The actual answer is 78.

procedure - strass and mussweiler 1977- anchoring bias

High Anchor - 66.7 Low Anchor - 50.1 (Implausible anchor value)

results - strass and mussweiler 1977- anchoring bias

Even though the anchor presented was outlandish, it clearly influenced the participants' estimates. It is interesting to note that the low anchor appears to have been more influential than the high anchor. This could reflect the belief that the high anchor is in fact impossible, rather than implausible.

findings - strass and mussweiler 1977- anchoring bias