Social change/Conservative force

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7 Terms

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Gramsci: Counter-hegemony

  • Religious leaders take on the role of ‘organic intellectuals’, building a counter-hegemony, popularising ideas that are counter to those of the ruling class

  • These help to build rebellion and protest e.g. MLK, Civil Rights movement

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Weber: Social Action

  • Religion results in a change to the economy. Shaped by human ideas rather than a ruling class ideology. 

  • As a way of finding out if they are in the ‘elect’, Calvinists adopt an ascetic lifestyle and worked as hard as they could, part of their ‘calling’ from God. 

  • By working hard and spending little money, the amount of wealth accumulates would be a sign of God’s favour towards them, and therefore the likelihood of them going to heaven. 

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Neo-marxist viewpoints

  • Maduro - Liberation theology, catholic priests in latAm educated the poor, telling them how to escape exploitation. 

  • Billings - Dual character, miners Vs textile workers

  • Bloch - Principle of hope, motivates towards utopian ideal. 

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Karustky: Criticism of Weber

  • Capitalism existed before Calvinism, so Weber overestimates the role and ideas of Calvinism and underestimates the influence of economic factors

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Conservative force

  • Functionalists - Religion reinforces social norms and values

  • Marxists - Religion maintains capitalism

  • Feminists - Religion maintains patriarchal society

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Bruce - Social change

  • Religion is well equipped to support social protest (e.g. Civil Rights Movement)

  • Taking moral high ground e.g. Biblical ‘love they neighbour’, passing religious ideology - ideological

  • Allowing for a place to question and challenge society and protest from that/mobilises public opinion.

  • Acts as a place for negotiation - common ground

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New Christian Right - Conservative force

  • Politically and morally conservative (fundamentalist views)

  • Formed ‘The Moral Majority’ to push a right-wing Christian pressure group in politics, fighting for a change.

  • C: This lacked widespread support, and campaigners did not join with other religious groups, stunted success