world history test feb 13th

age of nations through ww1

ernest rean

offers a definition for a nation

“a political unit in which the people form an allegiance to one another and support a state that supports them”

• “us vs them”/ enlightenment ideals

pedro 2nd (r.1831-1889)

emperor in brazil

• intellectual reader—wants to build a nation

• wanted a nation where race didn’t matter

pedro 1850

he bans transatlantic slave trade due to black news paper editors

pedro 1889

he abolishes slavery and urban dwellers support his decision

people in farms (brazil) 1889

they rebel——mad bc they are loosing free labor

called federalists

capture and kill pedro

federalists

states should be more powerful than central government

antonio lopez de santa anna

part of war of independence
- incharge of port city vera cruz

rebels and kills leader of war of ind and emperor (augustine)

caudillos

come from war of independence

• very wealthy land owners

santa anna antonio 1883

named president of mexico

wants to build a nation but they have no money due to war

santa anna chruhces

targets them for cash- it stabilizes mexicos money

1830-1855 age of sanat anna

not very liked 1833 steps down and his asvisor=pres

battle of alamo

mexicans and americans moved to texas— mexicans ask for protection from us since they are being taxed- they rebel

1855 sanat anna

sells large parts of mexico to american bankers— built train tracks on it to make money

caudillos then exile santa anna

Tsar Nicholas (1796-1855)

tries to modeal russia after france

• tries to make factories, railroads and expand territory

tsar nicholas 1853

he starts crimean war bc he wants to take ottamans

1854 tsar nicholas

france and england join the ottamnes bc of ottamens soveirgnty

crimean war

1st modern war- fought with railroads machine guns and telegraphs

1 year war, 1 mil ppl die

tsar alexander (1818-1881)

asks for peace of crimean war

• they have to sign a peace treaty, this shows england and france are the most powerful european powers

2 changes after crimean war

surfs- (very poor farmers who do labor, stuck on land) work for aristocrats and ppl were forcing them into war : they wanted an end to this

modern farming techniques- agriculture

Great Reform Tsar Alexander

20 years

• alexander emancipates 50 mil surfs

MIRS

surfs new land where they lived at this land but have to pay the gov

Leo Toistoy

part of the younger aristocrats

• famous writer, alot of children like him go to oxford

• they bring back modern ideas

• women become rlly smart

1880-1881 russia

younger aristocrats go violent— think things are going quickly enough and kill alexander

1815 italy national project

italy was not unified

• drawing from liberty and equality

• they want a return to great power

• come together from foreign tyranny

italy - foreign threat

austria owns venice, genoa, milan and protest their rule

• they kill the foreigners

King charels albert of sardina

italians rally behind him bc he brings stability and power, head of house of savey

• raises armies and fights austria

field marshel radezicty

army official for austrians, he beats italians twice

king ferdinand 2nd of sciles (1810-1859)

he meets w pope and agrees to withdraw support from king charels bc hes loosing

camillo benso de corout (1810-1861)

italy

ppl of sardina rally behind him

• tries to figure out how to modernize the state

• makes a shipping company and modernizes farms

• ppl choose him to be leader of parliment after revolution ends

• he modernizes their economy and army

giuppe girabualdie (1807-1887)

appointed as general by camillo benso to defeat austrians

an intellectual—- defeats the austrians

he makes france become on italies side

1859 france and italy

they are the 1st country to recognize italy as a democratic nation

1861 italy

they establish a democratic kingdom in the city turin—— capital city of parliment and democracy

• camillo dies by working himself to death

• 1870 rome joins italy and venice does (1866)

1840 germany

300 individual states, ruled by individuals

• they have a lot of idealistic politicians

1848 germany

demonstrating against german prussian rule

• the ppl get a parliment from this

2 factors the unify germany

1. rail roads- connects different states

2. german language- championed by 2 ppl

grim brothers

put all the stories in Germany and put them into a fairytale book

1854 publish 1st german dictionary

otto van bismark (1815-1848)

germany

the king of prussia appoints him as prime minester

the king wants him to serve as a bridge between the idealistic proterialians and traditional elite

he doesnt believe in democracy

he builds an army by convincing the germans they are better together

real politick

created by otto van bismark

not based on morals/idealism but based on PRACTICAL concerns

doesn’t think socialism and democracy work

he thinks ppl are not =

“strong army=strong state”

kaiser willheim (1797-1888)

king of prussia, named emperor of germany by 1880 germany is the most powerful European country in their continent

2 types of an empire

metropole- center

periphery- everything around it

new imperialism

it is focused on colonization, not j focused on western hemisphere

• settlement is chaotic, colonization is not total bc you cant j erase all the locals, ppl resist

why does eroupe want to do imperialism

they think more land=more power

more land also= more money (business)

build infrastructure (ports) so shipping is cheaper

U.S and Great Britain imperialism

they think they are socially and culturally superior to the colonized

the are “carrying” the others to civilization

new imperialism Qing- china

dont pay attention to outside world

england still comes to china for silk/porcelain: but china doesn’t want anything from the foreigners

• english eventually want tea from china- ALOT OF TEA

1820 china qing and enlgand

china finally wants somethiing in return for tea

• opium - drug

• 39,000 tons came to china

Lin Zexu (1785

china

he is appointed to stop opium trade

• to make a demonstration of stopping this he seizes and dumps a shipment of opium to make it known that they are done trading opium with great britian

opium war

england starts the war

• long war caused by opium

• china is not a technologically advanced as england

end of opium war 1842

china gives up

treaty of nanjing 1842

china and opium war

1. china has to pay england loosing tax

2. china gives england 5 port cities

3. china agrees not to interfere w opium trade

china after 1842

series of drought—→ economic collapse

ppl loose thier job

Hong XiuQaun (1814-1864)

china

product of the economic collpase in china

• preacher and falls ill during those years (bad fever)

• he has visions and thinks he is Jesus christs brother

• he offers a new vision of china saying that i could be better

hong xuiqaun visions

1. china should have equality and employment

2. “we could have a modern china”

3. “ we could have a china free of opium and alcohol”

   this sparks a rebellion

taiping rebellion

them vs qing dynasty

10 year civil war

tapings were winning and then fail bc they started to fight amongst themselves and the U.S. decided to protect the qing

hong xuiquan is seized

1864- rebellion ends, 60 mil ppl died

England and india 1857

english east india company are so wealthy they have their own army: english officers and indian soliders

• a rumor starts to spread that the EEIC is giving the indian soliders bullets lubricated in fat (dealdy)

• the indian soliders rebel and kill english officers, in response to this england takes over india

1867 france and egypt (africa)

they build the suez canal and egypt gets it for 99 years

the eroupeans now dont settle along the coast of africa but inside africa for gold, diamonds, palmoil, rubber, etc

1882 africa

englad invades egypt (africa) bc they thought egypt wasnt paying back thier loans

enlgand takes cairo and the center of the city is moved to nile river for trade and they want to extract as much money as they can out of egypt

• they force them to only grow cotton

1884 berlin coference

14 reps from 14 states in.U.S want a part of africa

• they spilt up by power and coast

• the map ignores africas linguistic culture

king leopold 2nd of belgium

he creates the free state of congo bc he wants rubber

the rubber farming was killing the natives, if ppl didnt work they would get a limb chopped off

cecil rhodes (1853-1902)

born 1853 oxford england, hes very smart

• poor health bc of england pollution he is recomended to leave england bc of this and goes to south africa

cecil rhodes cape town 1870

he takes over a dutch mining company called debeers

• controls 100% of worlds diamond production

• becomes prime minister of cape town

• oversees construction of telegraph

  line form capetown to cairo

• also builds a train of cairo to SA but to build this he needs land and takes it from black africans

boers africa

try to resist cecil rhodes when hes building a train

they had been there for 300 years

boer wars

cecil goes into boers towns and forces women/children into concentration camps

• 10,000 ppl and towards the end he stops sending them food

• 1902 cecil dies

diasporas and resistance lecture

as part of the nation progress ppl start to leave south/east asia and go somewhere else

50 million ppl leave Europe and go to US and argentina

Jews diaspora and resistance lecture

jewish communities move to western euroupe (germany and france)

and they are forced to leave Prussia bc they dont fit into the “russia national project”

ethnic diaspora

as goups of communities migrate they settle together

“communities of migrants who settle together”

sometimes the host communities are not welcoming

1898 spanish american war

feb 15 the US maine was sunk and spain sunk it

• the Philippines and cubans wanted freedom from spain

• background: dole company (business men) overthrow Hawiian gov bc they didnt want to pay their taxes for their farms

• the US then defeats the spanish navy in the phillipenes —→ but then the US forcefully take the phillipenes (they trick them)

1904 russia vs japan

they both run into each other along the coast of asia. japan attacks in port author and the war lasts a year (fighting over territory)

• japan wins (first battle that a non European country beat a European country since christopher columbus)

• 1910 japan takes over Korea

Dowager Empress (1900)

china

her son was emperor

she saw china collapse so her idea was to now punish any rebels in china (very harsh btw)

the boxers vs dowager empress (1900) china

became to strong for dowager empress to control

• they believed that boxing could take off evil spirits (bullets):

  but they war also anti western-

• any western power who caused their economy/society to collapse

  this leads to 8 EROUPEAN countries + japan to invade china→ bc they are at risk of loosing power

• 10,000 boxers are killed and the westerns burn down all Chinese temples

Ottomans 1908

young turks over throw the ottomans and take charge of empire- they rebel

• they have “iron grit” no one can take the power w them

• the Armenians tried to get power but they didn’t allow it (killed 1.2 mill ppl)

Ottomans Balkin war 1908

due to the turks taking over the ottoman empire it started 2 BALKIN wars

1st balkin war 1908

the serbians and bulgarians gain independence (bad for the turks)

2nd balkin war

the bulgarians and serbians fight- over regional conflict- they both want more territory

ArchDuke france ferdinand (1863-1914)

hes an AUSTRIAN Hungarian prince (hier to throne)

he goes to Serjevo, Boshia bc hes scared the serbians will try and takes this land

ArchDuke france ferdinand 1914

he and his wife are killed by the serbians bc they did want boshia

the secret police killed him

*July 28th 1914*

germany had an alliance w austria so they declare war on serbia for taking boshia

italy backs out of an alliance w germany and france raises an army bc they are scared of germany

ww1- central powers

germany, austria, ottamon empire

ww1-allied powers

they say they are backing up serbia for independence

france, great britian, russia

ww1 modern war

machine guns, submarines, steamships, airplanes

• artillery shells, mustard gas, tanks: deady

german ww1 schilifen plan

fight one front at a time

get france out of the way before they fight russia and think they can take france in 6 weeks but they didnt anticipate the belgiums pushing back

• this gives france time to build trenches

  (ppl get trench feet) and they become death boxes due to artilary

1916 wwl germany

germany attacks french fortress Verdium

• launch 1 million bombs per day and 1 mill ppl die for ten months

summary of ww1

very high cost at very little rertun (4 years overall)

the first TOTAL WAR- all of society is involved

women also are involved bc they build guns and clothes for the war

war bonds are involved—> pay gov for war and get payed back after

early 1918 disrupt balance of the war

1. russia w draw from war

2. england w the help of england and indian soliders take middle east from ottoman empire

3. zimmerman sends telogram for mexican pres to attack US southern border→ US join war

ridrow wilson april 16th and 17th

US declares war on germany

• the US has more resources and technology

• the show up in the spring 1918

• the US won the allies side the war

nov 11th 1918*

REMEMBER THISSSSS

the war ends, remembrance day

11 mil soliders die

23 mill are injured

jan 1919 paris peace conferance

all countries who fought the war are involved

• england, france and US are the leaders

  1. they split up austria and hungary

  2. then they split up hungary even more

  3. germany has to pay reperations

     • they have to repair france border towns

     • germany has to give up all thier colonies to great britian and US

     • thier army size is capped

     • they have to provide free coal to france and belgium

       5. woodrow wilson creates a league of nations but the US, Germany or Russia doesnt join