Botany

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering subdisciplines of botany, plant cellular structures and organelles, and plant tissue systems from Chapters 1, 3, and 4.

Botany

The study of plants.

Plant Anatomy

The study of plant cells, tissues, organs, and structure.

Plant Taxonomy

The study of plant names and classifications.

Plant Systematics

The study of evolutionary history and relationships among plants.

Plant Physiology

The study of functions and processes within plants.

Plant Morphology

The development of methods for the grouping of plants.

Cell Biology

The study of the structure and function of plant cells.

Ethnobotany

The branch of botany looking at the practical uses of plants and their products.

Economic Botany

The study of commercially important plants.

Paleobotany

The study of fossil plants.

Agronomy

The study and application of techniques to increase crop yields.

Horticulture

The production of ornamental and crop plants.

Plant Pathology

The study of plant diseases.

Protoplasm

Everything inside of the cell wall.

Cytosol

The souplike fluid in the cytoplasm that contains organelles.

what does the cell wall provide

structure, maintains shape, protection, stores food

what are the 4 parts of the cell wall

cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, glycoproteins

what does Cellulose do

The main structural component of cell walls

what does Hemicellulose do

holds cellulose fibrils together.

what does Pectin do and where is it

Substance found in the middle lamella that forms a jelly.

what do Glycoproteins do

Proteins that have sugar associated with their molecules.

when is the middle Middle lamella produced

when new cell walls are formed.

Where is cortex found

Between epidermis and vascular tissue

What is the life status of collenchyma tissue

Living at maturity

Where are initial cells

At meristems

what are Microbodies

Specialized enzymes bound by a single membrane.

what is the Secondary cell wall and what does it contain

A wall layer located between primary walls that contains lignin and more cellulose than primary walls.

where is Lignin found

in secondary walls and woody tissue.

how does the job of the cell affect the cell wall

Cells involved with food have thinner walls while cells involved with support have thicker walls

what are Plasmodesmata and what do they contain

Extensions of the cytoplasm containing food, sugars, amino acids, ions, and other substances to adjacent cells.

what is a Raphide crystal

A plant crystal structure that stores waste.

what falls under Cytoplasm

The cytosol plus organelles, excluding the nucleus.

what is Symplast

Continuous cytoplasm across plant cells.

what is a Dictyosome (aka endoplasmic reticulum

An organelle (endoplasmic reticulum) allowing for cellular communications as well as synthesis and modification of proteins.

what arePlastids

Organelles within the chloroplast that store and manufacture carbohydrates.

what is Grana

Specks of thylakoids in the chloroplast that contain chlorophyll.

what is Stroma

Liquid portion of the chloroplast containing enzymes involved in photosynthesis.

what are Chromoplasts

A plastid that contains pigment other than chlorophyll.

what is a Leucoplast

A colorless plastid that makes and stores starch.

what are examples of leucoplasts

amyloplasts and elaioplasts

what do Amyloplasts do

make and stores starch.

what do Elaioplasts do

makes and stores oil.

what does the Vacuole do

food storage, degradation, and keeping osmotic pressure.

what does the Cytoskeleton do and what is it made of

provides structural support and is made of microfilaments and microtubules.

what are Meristems

Permanent origins of growth in plants where cells actively divide.

what do Apical meristems do and where are they

located at the tips of roots and shoots and cause primary growth that increases plant length.

what does protoderm do and what does it fall under

it’s a type of apical meristem that makes the epidermis.

where is Ground meristem and what does it fall under

type of apical meristem located between the protoderm and procambium.

what does Procambium do and what does it fall under

type of apical meristem that makes xylem and phloem.

what do Lateral meristems do and where are they

Meristems at the cambium that cause secondary growth and increase the girth of roots and stems.

what do Intercalary meristems do

increase stem length in grass and related plants.

what are Simple tissues and what are they made by

Tissues made of one cell type, produced by ground meristems.

what does Parenchyma tissue do and life status

It’s living at maturity and involved in storage, tissue repair, and photosynthesis.

what is the defining feature of Parenchyma tissue

thin primary cell walls

where is Parenchyma tissue found

between epidermis and vascular tissue

what is Cortex

Ground tissue region between the epidermis and vascular tissues that can become cork cambium.

what is Pith

Internal tissue area inside the stem or root.

what is the defining feature of Collenchyma tissue

thick, uneven primary cell walls

where is Collenchyma tissue located

just beneath the epidermis

what does Collenchyma tissue do

provides flexible support.

what is the defining feature of Sclerenchyma tissue

thick, tough secondary cell walls

what is the life status of Sclerenchyma tissue

dead at maturit

what does Sclerenchyma tissue do and contain

contains lignin and provide support.

what are Sclereids

A type of sclerenchyma cell in specific areas that is as wide as it is long.

what are the 2 types of Sclerenchyma tissue

Sclerids and fibers

what are Fibers

type of sclerenchyma cell that is longer than wide and is located in stems, roots, leaves, and fruits.

what are Complex tissues

Tissues made of multiple cell types.

what are examples of complex tissues

xylem and phloem

what does Xylem do

conducts water and dissolved minerals absorbed by roots.

what is xylem made of

parenchyma, fibers, vessels, trachids, and ray cells

what are Vessels

Xylem cells with thick secondary walls and a perforation plate to stop objects from entering.

What does vascular cambium make

Xylem and phloem

What make cork cambium

The cortex

What do companion cells do

Use their nucleus to regulate the movement of carbohydrates through seive tubes

what are Tracheids

Xylem cells with thick walls containing pits that let water pass from cell to cell

What are xylem and phloem

Xylem is on the inside and phloem is on the outside

what are Ray cells

xylem cells that provide food storage.

what does Phloem do

Moves food materials made by photosynthesis from the leaves through sieve tubes.

what is the Epidermis and what is it made by

Outermost complex tissue layer of cells, usually one cell thick, made by the protoderm.

what does Cutin do

Waxy substance secreted by the epidermis that makes a plant waterproof.

what do guard cells do

help transport gases & H2O via stomata

what is Periderm

Replacement for the epidermis in woody plants that forms the outer bark.

what are Lenticels

Pores in the bark/periderm that allow for gas exchange.

which is better a small or big cell and why

a smaller cell is better because they have more efficient communication and more surface area