bio cells

cell

basic unit of living matter

how thick is the cell membrane

around 7nm

what is the cell membrane made of

phospholipid bilayer

which of the tails or heads face each other inwards in the cell membrane

tails

what are the heads and tails in the phospholipid layer of the cell membrane

heads hydrophilic, tails hydrophobic

what are plant cell walls made of

cellulose

what are fungi plant walls made of

chitin

what are prokaryotes cell walls made of

peptidoglycan

how does synthesis of the cell wall work

as cell grows, more cell wall is synthesized

what is the plasmodesmata

connections between cytoplasms of plant cells

what is cytoplasm made out of

cytosol

what is everything inside of a cell called

the protoplasm

what is the cytoplasm and the nucleus called

the protoplasm

how long is the nucleus in diameter

10-20 micrometers

describe the nucleus' double membrane

• called nuclear envelope

• has pores to allow materials in and out

• specifically to allow MRNA out of the nucleus during protein synthesis

• the envelope is continuous with the ER

what is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes

chromatin is unraveled DNA, chromosomes are condensed DNA

chromatin is not as condensed as chromosomes

what is chromatin made out of

DNA, RNA, proteins

what does chromatin collect into chromosomes for

nuclear division

describe the nucleolus

• made of loops of dna

• has 1-5 in mammals

• makes ribosomes/ribosomal rna

how many nucleoli can be in mammals

1-5

what does the nucleolus do

makes ribosomes

what does the membrane of the ER have

cisternae

describe the difference between SER and RER

• SER makes lipids + steroids

• storage for calcium ions

• RER covered with ribosomes

• site of protein synthesis

how big are ribosomes

25 nm

describe:

where ribosomes are made

what happens in ribosomes

where they can be found

what types are found where

made in nucleolus

site of protein synthesis

found in cytoplasm, bound to RER, in prokaryotes/chloroplasts/mitochondria

prokaryotes, chloroplasts, mitochondria - 70S ribosomes

eukaryotes - 80S ribosomes

describe the golgi apparatus

stack of cisternae

state the ways molecules can be modified in the golgi apparatus

• sugars added to proteins-glycoproteins

• sugars added to lipids-glycolipids

• amino acids removed from proteins

• make new cell walls from sugars

what are the modified carbs and proteins called

golgi vesicles (bud off apparatus)

describe pathway of molecules once produced in the ER through the golgi apparatus

• budded off of ER go into cis face

• undergo modification

• golgi vesicles bud off trans face

how big is a lysosome

0.1-0.5 micrometers in diameter

where do lysosomes come from

made by ER and golgi body, comes off golgi

describe endocytosis and exocytosis

Endocytosis is the process of capturing a substance or particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane, and bringing it into the cell. Exocytosis describes the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell.

what is the ER running through the plasmodesmata called

desmotubule

are mitochondria larger than chloroplasts? how big are they both

no

chloroplasts - 3-10 mm

mitochondria - 1-10 mm

where is the chlorophyll in a chloroplast

thylakoid membrane

describe internal structure of a chloroplast

Thylakoids arranged into grana (stacks), surrounded by stroma

inner and outer membrane

where does aerobic respiration occur on the mitochondria

matrix and inner membrane

describe what microtubules are made of

• alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin (proteins)

• form pairs (dimers)

• dimers form protofilaments

• 13 protofilaments make a microtubule

how big is a dimer

5nm diameter

how big is a microtubule

25 nm in diameter

describe the makeup and function of the cytoskeleton

• made of microtubules and filaments

• maintain cell shape + organization

what cells are centrioles found in

animal cells only

how big are centrioles and how are they found

• 500nm long, 200nm diameter

• two perpendicular near nucleus

what is the structure of centrioles

nine triplets of microtubules with a hollow center

what function do centrioles serve

basal bodies for cilia

describe functions of cilia and flagella

• cilia in animal cells

• carry out beating/wafting

• flagella in animal + prokaryotes

• allow movement/mobility to bacteria

describe cilia structure

• basal body (centriole) attaching to cell

• two central microtubules

• surrounded by 9 microtubule doublets

• '9+2' structure

describe the permanent vacuole

• only in plant cells

• large, fluid filled

• surrounded by tonoplast membrane

• stores water, ions, salts

name and describe the structures always present in prokaryotes

cell wall - peptidoglycan

cell membrane

cytoplasm

circular dna - in nucleoid, no membrane

ribosomes - 70S

name and describe the structures sometimes in a prokaryotic cell

flagella - movement

mesosome - cell membrane folds in, surface for biochemical reactions

slime capsule - protection

plasmid - small separate circle of dna, only a few genes, can give resistance to antibodies

pili - protein rods for attachment

how big are viruses

20-350 nm

how big are prokaryotes compared to eukaryotes

1000 times smaller

how big are prokaryotes

1-5 micrometers