Cultural Dimensions (studies)

Triandis et al (2001)

Triandis et al (2001)

said that dimensions are expressed differently in each culture Horizontal Individualism: members are unique and mostly of the same status Vertical Individualism: members are unique but it is possible to distinguish yourself and enjoy a higher status in a social hierarchy Horizontal collectivism: members merge themselves with the ingroup and enjoy largely the same status Vertical collectivism: members merge themselves with the ingroup and submit to an authority in that ingroup

Meeuwesen, van den Brink

Muinen and Hofstede (2009)

Berry and Katz (1967)

Aim: see if there was a difference of these two cultures' individualism scores would correlate with their conformity Method: used asch paradigm (line test) Findings: Tenme people had a highly significant tendency to accept the suggestion of the cultural norm while the Eskimo group almost disregarded it entirely. Evaluation: support Hofstede's belief that the degree of individualism of a culture will affect group member behaviour

Kemmelmeier, Jambor and Letner (2006)

Aim: to examine the relationship between individualism and voluntary, prosocial behaviour (stranger

Iyengar et al

Make a point that collectivistic cultures tend to discriminate in favour of their ingroup

Finkelstein 2010

Aim: why collectivists/individualists volunteer Method: 194 Undergraduates at a US university participated in return for extra course credit, filled out questionnaires Findings: both cultures were motivated to volunteer for career related reasons (individualistic cultures had the strongest career

Hsu and Barker (2013)

Aim; to see if since Chinese trade opened in 1979, how it would affect their rates on consumer culture Method: conducted an analysis of 566 television advertisements, rating for individualism or collectivism and the prominence of traditional and modern themes Findings this study supports what LIn calls the westernization of CHinese advertisements

Meeuwesen, van den Brink Muinen and Hofstede (2009)

Aim; to see if dimensions could predict cross

Elyon and Au (1999)

examining effects of empowerment on work satisfaction and performance Method: 135 participants who were MBA students from a canadian university, participants were divided into high PDI, and low PDI based on country, then the participants were put into three conditions Empowered Disempowered controlled Findings: all were more satisfied when empowered than when not empowered, high PDI work performance was significantly worse in the empowered condition

Brockner et al (2001)

Found that low PDI countries responded less favourably to less participation in decision making It is when the lack of participation violates cultural norms that people are unhappy

Hofstede and McCrae (2004)

Found that personality scores from 33 different countries correlated with cultural dimension scores