Properties of Water

Polar Molecule

A molecule with an uneven distribution of charge, leading to a partial negative charge at one end and a partial positive charge at the other.

Molecular Formula of Water

The formula is $H_2O$, indicating two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom.

Electronegativity

The tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself, with oxygen being more electronegative than hydrogen.

Hydrogen Bond

An attractive force between a slightly positive hydrogen atom of one molecule and a slightly negative atom (like oxygen) of another molecule.

Cohesion

The attraction between like molecules; in water, it leads to the sticking together of water molecules.

Surface Tension

The phenomenon caused by cohesion, where surface molecules are pulled tightly together, allowing some insects to walk on water.

Adhesion

The attraction between different molecules; in water, it allows water to climb up plant roots and stems.

Capillary Action

The ability of water to move upward in narrow spaces against gravity, crucial for nutrient and water transport in plants.

Bent Geometry of Water

The configuration of water molecules in a V-shape due to the bond angle of approximately 104.5 degrees.

High Boiling and Melting Points

Properties of water resulting from hydrogen bonding, leading to higher temperatures required to change states compared to similar-sized molecules.