AP EURO ESSAY QUESTIONS

What did Machiavelli believe is the most important trait for a ruler? What rulers do you see using these traits? Do you agree with Machiavelli’s ideas on governing?

Machiavelli argued that the most crucial quality for a ruler is the ability to be feared rather than loved when it comes to maintaining control and power. He suggested that a wise ruler must employ cunning, strategic thinking, and pragmatism to achieve their objectives, as outlined in his work 'The Prince.' Historical figures such as Louis XIV of France and Napoleon Bonaparte exemplified this approach by utilizing fear and authoritative control to govern effectively. Personal views on Machiavelli's ideas vary; some agree that such practicality is essential during tumultuous periods, while others believe that depending on fear can ultimately foster rebellion and unrest.

Discuss the emergence of the Protestant Reformation. Besides Luther, who were two central players, and what was their role in the Reformation?

The Protestant Reformation emerged in the early 16th century, primarily ignited by Martin Luther's 95 Theses in 1517, which criticized the Church's practices, particularly the sale of indulgences. Key figures accompanying Luther included John Calvin, who introduced the concept of predestination and established a theocratic governance in Geneva; and Henry VIII, who initiated the English Reformation by creating the Anglican Church after breaking from the authority of the Pope.

What role did the printing press play in the Protestant Reformation?

The invention of the printing press in the 15th century revolutionized communication and played a significant role in the Protestant Reformation by allowing for the mass production and rapid distribution of religious texts, including Martin Luther's 95 Theses. This dissemination of ideas challenged the Catholic Church’s authority and spread Reformation literature, thus enabling the movement to gain traction across Europe.

Explain how the Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation.

In response to the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic Church initiated the Counter-Reformation, a movement to regain influence over its followers and address internal issues. This included the convening of the Council of Trent, which occurred between 1545 and 1563, aimed at clarifying Catholic doctrines, reforming clerical conduct, and reaffirming key teachings to counter the rise of Protestantism.