e3 e & hh

famines

powerful agent of natural selection

ex- pima people

not random— DETERMINISTIC

not everyone dies— kills the health people first and the obese population survives and goes on to reproduce

diabetes

a group of metabolic disorders related to high blood sugar levels

cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic kidney disease, foot ulcers, and damage to the eyes

type 1 vs type 2

genetic bottle neck

pima people

environmental damage, an event that drastically reduces the size of a population and decreases the gene pool

thrifty genotype

type 1

inability to produce enough insulin

increased level of glucose in blood

treatments:

• insulin injections

type 2

can be acquired

body becomes resistant to insulin

cells don’t respond to insulin properly

treatments:

• medication to help cells respond

• medication to eliminate sugar through urinary tract

pancreas

digestive enzymes, neurotransmitters

starch protein fats

• produce insulin if blood sugar goes

• releases glucagon if blood sugar drops too low

• takes fat to produce sugar — expensive and hard

blood sugar increases slowly (doesn’t spike up)

diabetes + famines

the bottleneck (the famine) helped scientists identify the genes associated with type 1 — HLA genes

pima people

evolved in the desert and their genes help them survive, those same genes are their #1 cause of mortality

when they were starving they had long lives now that they are well fed they have shorter lives

thrifty genotypes

helped ancestors survive during food scarcity by providing good energy storage but now with the accessibility of constant food these genes lead to obesity— shorter lifespan

colonialism

disease spread rapidly among native americans that europeans brought over killing them off

john snow

introduced the idea of sanitation during the cholera outbreak

antibiotic resistance

immune systems evolve

bacteria gets used to the antibiotics— evolutionary arms race

we are running out of antibiotic— very expensive to make