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long -lot settlement pattern
A linear settlement pattern in which each farmstead is situated at one end of a long, narrow rectangular lot; each lot has access to a major linear resource, usually a river or a major road
Material culture
The physical, visible objects made and used by members of a cultural group;
Nonmaterial culture
Intangible elements of culture including a wide range of beliefs, values, myths, and symbolic meanings passed from generation to generation within a given society
Cultural trait
A single aspect of a given culture or society
Local culture
Rural, ethnically homogenous culture that is deeply connected to the local land; the opposite of a popular culture
Indigenous culture
A local culture that is no longer the dominant ethnic group within its traditional homeland because of migration, colonization, or political marginalization
Popular culture
Heterogeneous culture that is more influenced by key urban areas and quick to adopt new technologies; the opposite of a local culture
Cultural attitudes
Concepts and ideas in a society that are shaped by cultural opinions, beliefs, and perspectives
Language
A mutually agreed-upon system of symbolic communication
Polyglot
A person who is fluent in more than two languages
Religion
a structured set of beliefs and practices through which people seek mental and physical harmony with the powers of the universe
Ethnic group
A people of common ancestry and cultural tradition; characterized by a strong feeling of group identity
Race
Historically defined by the physical characteristics of a group, especially skin color
Ethnic geography
The study of the spatial aspects of ethnicity
Multiculturalism
A set of policies that promote the active participation and inclusion of minority groups in national histories, national politics, and cultural institutions with the goal of embracing difference within societ
Ethnocentric approach
An approach to understanding other cultures that evaluates them from the perspective of the observer’s culture
Physical landscape
All the natural physical surroundings that create and shape the places we are living in or examining
Placelessness
The feeling resulting from the standardization of the built environment; occurs where local distinctiveness is erased and many places end up with similar cultural landscapes
modernist architecture
A functional, rational, and orderly style for building designs
Postmodern architecture
A design style that is a reaction against modernist architecture; it has a flair for the dramatic, creating a spectacle while serving a variety of functions |
Sequent occupance
Refers to the fact that many places have been controlled or affected by a variety of groups over a period of time; those groups have reshaped the functions or meanings of those places and left behind layers of meaning
Secular
Less influenced or controlled by religion
Subculture
A group of people with distinct norms, values, and material practices that differentiate them from the dominant culture surrounding them
Sense of place/placemaking
How a person feels about a particular place and why it is important to them/Efforts to use and design public places to better serve the needs of residents and to foster a stronger community
Centripetal forces
A force that brings people together and unifies a neighborhood, society, or country
Centrifugal forces
A force that threatens the cohesion of a neighborhood, society, or country
Secularization
The process whereby religion become a less dominant force in everyday life than it was in the past
Barriers that completely halt diffusion
Barriers that slow diffusion but still allow some partial or weakened diffusion
A trade language, characterized by a very small vocabulary derived from the languages of at least two or more groups in contact
A combined language that has a fuller vocabulary than a pidgin language and becomes a native language
The linguistic process where languages converge and create new languages and forms of communication
A language of communication and commerce spoken across a wide area where it is not a mother tongue
The ability to speak two languages fluently
A sovereign political entity that seeks to expand beyond its origin territory to control more territory politically and/or economically
The motivating impulse to control greater amounts of territory
The act of forcefully controlling a foreign territory, which becomes known as a colony
The phenomenon whereby the introduction of new transportation technologies progressively reduces the time it takes to travel between places
A language that is not taught to children by their parents and is not used actively in everyday matters
A language that has only a few elderly speakers still living or no living speakers
The idea that cultures are converging or becoming more alike
Adapting global practices to fit local cultural practices and preferences
A focused geographic area where important innovations are born and from which they spread
A group of related languages that share a common ancestry
A regional variation of a language that is understood by people who speak other variations of that language
A way of pronouncing words
Relating to the belief in only one god
A religion that actively seeks new members and believes its message has universal importance and application
A religion identified with a particular ethnic or tribal group that does not seek converts
The names given to places
The belief in many gods
A faith that subscribes to the idea that souls or spirits exist not only in humans but also in animals, plants, rocks, natural phenomena such as thunder, geographic features such as mountains or rivers, and other entities of the natural environment
Genocide
The systematic killing of members of a racial, ethnic, or linguistic group