Gr 10 Biology Test

Ontario high school science academic

Epidermis

The outer layer of cells in plants that acts as a protective barrier.

Cell Membrane

Regulates movement into and out of the cell; found in animal and plant cells.

Cytoplasm

Suspends organelles and supplies nutrients; found in animal and plant cells.

Mitochondrion

Produces energy through cellular respiration; found in animal and plant cells.

Lysosome

Breaks down worn-out cell components; found in animal cells.

Nucleus

Directs all cell activities; found in animal and plant cells.

Nucleolus

Manufactures ribosomes; found in animal and plant cells.

Nuclear Pore

Regulates movement into and out of the nucleus; found in animal and plant cells.

Nuclear Envelope

Separates nuclear content from cytoplasm; found in animal and plant cells.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Involved in protein synthesis; found in animal and plant cells.

Ribosome

Sites of protein synthesis; found in plant cells.

Golgi

Collects, packages, and distributes molecules like proteins; found in plant cells.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates; found in animal and plant cells.

Peroxisome

Detoxifies harmful molecules; found in animal cells.

Secretory Vesicle

Carries substances into and out of the cell; found in animal cells.

Centrioles

Produces spindle fibers for cell division; found in animal cells.

Cell Wall

Provides structural support and protection; found in plant cells.

Chloroplast

Contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis; found in plant cells.

Central Vacuole

Stores water, sugars, and ions to maintain turgor pressure; found in plant cells.

Vacuole

Stores water, waste, and dissolved nutrients; found in plant cells.

Erythrocyte

Carries oxygen in blood, no nucleus, contains hemoglobin

Skin cell

Protects cells inside, reduces water loss

Bone cell

Collects calcium, allows growth, repairs bones

Muscle cell

Contracts to move bones

Leukocyte

Fights infection by engulfing bacteria

Sperm cell

Carries male DNA to egg cell, has flagellum

Fat cell

Stores fat, energy, provides insulation

Nerve cell

Conducts electrical impulses

Xylem

Transports water/minerals up the plant (dead cells)

Phloem

Transports sugars down the plant (alive cells)

Storage cell

Stores starch for energy in plants

Photosynthetic cell

Contains chloroplasts with chlorophyll

Guard cell

Controls water loss and gas exchange

Benign tumor

Non-cancerous, does not spread

Malignant tumor

Cancerous, can invade and metastasize

Pap test

Cervical cells sampled to check for abnormal growth

Endoscopy

Provides detailed internal images, patient is asleep

MRI

Detailed photos, long wait times, loud, not for claustrophobic

X-rays

Readily available, exposure to radiation, for hard tissues

CT Scan

Quick, detailed photos, long wait times, enhancers can be used

Ultrasound

Soundwaves, safe for babies, best for soft tissues, readily available, not very detailed

Chemotherapy

Systemic cancer treatment, targets tumor but damages healthy cells

Biophotonics

Cancer treatment using light frequencies

Immunotherapy

Cancer treatment that equips immune system to detect cancer

Osmosis

Movement of water across a membrane from low to high solute concentration

Metastasis

Spread of cancer cells to other body parts

Mutation

A change in the DNA sequence

Carcinogen

Environmental factor causing cancer

Biopsy

Removal of tissue sample for testing

Cellular differentiation

Cell specialization to perform a function

Fiber

Adds bulk in the colon, stimulates bowel movement

Nutrient

Chemical needed for building/repairing tissues and

Stem cell

Undifferentiated cell that can divide to form specialized cells

Embryonic stem cells

Can differentiate into any kind of cell

Tissue stem cells

Can only form a certain type of cell, typically related to the tissue or organ they came from

Digestive System

Organ system that breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste.

Mouth

Point of entry into the digestive tract.

Teeth

Physically break down food into smaller pieces. (mechanical digestion)

Tongue

Further breaks down food, shapes it into a bolus, mixes it with saliva, and pushes it into the next digestive segment.

Salivary Glands

Secrete saliva, which lubricates food and contains amylase to break down carbohydrates.

Pharynx

Passageway between the oral cavity and the esophagus.

Esophagus

Delivers food to the stomach through peristalsis.

Stomach

Holds food, mixes it with digestive juices (including HCl), and grinds it.

Gallbladder

Stores and concentrates bile for fat digestion.

Liver

Produces bile, processes nutrients, and removes toxins.

Pancreas

Produces insulin for sugar uptake, enzymes for breaking down fats/proteins/carbohydrates, and sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid.

Small Intestine

Breaks down food with enzymes and bile, absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream; consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

Large Intestine

Absorbs water and minerals from stool; contains E. coli that produce Vitamin K.

Rectum

Holds stool before evacuation.

Anus

Point of solid waste exit.

Colitis

Inflammation of the inner lining of the colon.

Celiac Disease

Autoimmune disease affecting the small intestine due to gluten consumption.

Cardiovascular System

Transports nutrients, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and hormones through the bloodstream

Open Circulatory System

Pumps blood through blood vessels to a cavity, bathing organs in blood; lower blood pressure

Closed Circulatory System

Blood remains in blood vessels at all times; higher blood pressure

Artery

• Thick walled blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

Vein

• A blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart

Capillary

• A tiny blood vessel that allows the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and the body tissues.

Erythrocytes

Carry oxygen from the lungs to the body

Leukocytes

Fights infections

Platelets

Help blood clotting

Plasma

Fluid that suspends blood components; contains water, proteins, hormones, nutrients

Coronary Artery Disease

Reduced blood flow to the heart muscle due to buildup of fats/cholesterol in artery walls

Tuberculosis (TB)

Infectious disease; bacteria grow in lungs, spread to nervous system/bones. Diagnosed via chest x-ray.

SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)

Diagnosed from flu-like symptoms, chest X-ray, and positive lab results of cell samples.

Epiglottitis

Life-threatening bacterial infection causing inflammation/swelling; can block trachea. Can shut down organs

Pneumonia

Serious lung infection causing inflammation and

Respiratory System

Made up of the nose, mouth, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. It provides oxygen and allows carbon dioxide to leave the body.

External Respiration

Gas exchange between the lungs and the circulatory system.

Internal Respiration

Gas exchange between the circulatory system and the cells of the body.

Cellular Respiration

Oxygen is used to generate energy for the cells from sugars in the mitochondria.

Diaphragm

The wall of muscle that lies under the lungs.

Nasal Cavity

Filters, warms, and moistens incoming air.

Pharynx

Common passageway for the respiratory and digestive systems.

Trachea

Main airway in the human respiratory system; contains cartilage rings to keep it open.

Larynx

Contains the voicebox; vibrates when air passes over it.

Epiglottis

Flap of tissue that covers the trachea when swallowing to prevent food from entering.