Biology 3rd partial

Aristotle

Aristotle

first to begin in classify all living things divided animals into, those with and without blood

Carl Linnaeus

He developed the system of binomial nomenclature He popularized rank- based classification (3kingdoms and 5 ranks class, order, family, genus, species

Robert Whittaker

Proposed that organisms should be divided into 5 kingdoms Based on the structure of the cell, made of nutrition, interrelationship, body organization and reproduction

Carl Woese

He grouped the five kingdoms proposed by Whittaker into 3 great domains Based on evolutionary relationships and molecular differences

domain, kingdom, phylum/division, class, order, family, genus, species

taxonomy ranks

helical, polyhedral, enveloped, complex

categories of virus

nucleic acid (RNA, DNA), capsid (capsomere), envelope

principal components of a virus

helical virus

look like long rods they can be rigid or flexible

RNA, capsid, capsomere

structure of helical virus

tobacco mosaic, tomato mosaic, ebola, rabies

examples of helical virus

polyhedral virus

these are many-sided viruses. their capsids can have different number of sides.

DNA, capsomere, capsid, glycoprotein

structure of polyhedral virus

adenovirus, papovavirus (HPV), retrovirus (HIV), parvovirus

examples of polyhedral virus

enveloped virus

these are shaped like spheres because they have a protein, fat or carbohydrate coat over their capsid.

envelope, RNA, capsid, glycoprotein

structure of enveloped virus

coronavirus, influenza, SARS, MERS

examples of enveloped virus

complex virus

these have complicated structures. capsids can be attached to structures that look like legs called tail fibres

DNA, capsid, head, collar, tail sheath, tail, tail fibre, spikes

structure of complex virus

bacteriophages

example of complex virus

zoonosis

able to jump from a species to another

lytic cycle

the cell releases copies of the virus

lysogenic cycles

the cell duplicates itself with the DNA of the virus and release it at the same time

protista

kingdom unicellular and microscopic photosynthetic or heterotrophic they prefer aquatic or moist environments

animal-like (protozoa)

humid, aquatic environments, free-living or parasites heterotrophs uses phagocytosis and ability to move

Examples of Protozoa

Sarcodina-Amoeba-Pseudopodia, Flagelletas-Trypanozoma-Flagella, Cillates-Paramecium-Cilia, Sporozoa-Plasmodium-don't have structure to move an example Malaria

plant-like (algae)

photosynthetic organisms, all have chlorophyll, can be chlorophyta, rhodophyta, phaeophyta, chrysophyta, pyrrophyta, fresh water, marine or sea wate

(green algae) sea lettuce, ulva, fresh water or marine

example of chlorophyta

(red algae) nori (seaweed), dulse, agar, marine

example of rhodophyta

(brown algae) sargassum, emulsifier, multicellular and marine

example of phaeophyta

(golden algae) diatoms, phytoplankton, unicellular and fresh water

example of chrysophyta

(fire algae) dinoflagellates(flagella and photosynthesis), red tie, bioluminescence

example of phyrrophyta

fungi-like (slime molds)

in their cell wall, they don't have chitin, instead, they have cellulose bright colors, saprophytic, unicellular

fungi

kingdom saprophytes (feed on decaying bodies) cell walls contain chitin secrete digestive enzymes into their food source Multicellular (mushrooms) and unicellular (yeasts), can be parasitic

zygomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, chytridiomycetes

fungi division

zygomycetes

molds microscopic live in soil or decaying matter

Zyogomicota

Sporangium spore case (round shape) Zygospores

examples of zygomycetes

rhizopus, mucor

ascomycetes

sporecase: ascus ascospores

Ascomycetes can be

Cup fungi Morels Truffles Yeasts Penicillium Aspergillus

Examples of ascomycetes

Pezizaceae (cup fungi) T. magnatium (truffles) grow underground Morchella esculenta, Hyromitra esculenta (morel) Saccharomyces, candida albican (yeast) Elariceps purpua (LSD)

basidiomycetes

perfect mushrooms mushrooms (edible, non poisonous), toadstools (poisonous), smut, rusts, puffballs cap, stem, ring, volva

Basiodiomycetes spore case

Basidium Basidiospores

basidiomycetes examples

toadstools: agaricus xanthodermus, amanita phalloides, amanita virosa mushroom: agaricus bisporus, calvatic gigantea smuts: ustilago maydis rusts: puccinia pufballs: lycoperdon, callata gigante

mycelium

all fungal fibers that are underground or in the subtract where they are growing

Hyphae

each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus

micorrhizas

symbiotic relationship between plants roots and fungi

amanita muscaria

has micorrizal relationship with trees

domain: eukarya kingdom: animalia division: chordata class: mammalia order: primata family: hominidae genus: homo species: H. sapiens

taxonomy of humans

plantae

kingdom multicellular, autotrophs - photosynthetic pigments nonmotile cell walls contain cellulose cone-bearing(gymnosperms), flowering plants(angiosperms), mosses(Bryophyta), ferns (Pteridophytae)

Sexual reproduction in plants

Pollination, gymnosperms and angiosperms Spores, Mosses and ferns

Asexual reproduction in plants

Vegetative reproduction

Vegetative reproduction examples

Bulbs (onions) Stolons (strawberries) Rhizomes (ginger) Tubers (potato)

bryophyta

non-vascular land plants (no roots) reproduce by spores

Examples of bryophyta

mosses, liverworts, hornworts

pteridophytae

older groups of plants seedless and vascular reproduce by spores

Examples of pteridophytae

ferns and club mosses

gymnosperms

vascular plants naked seeds thick cuticle, needle-like leaves, vascular coniferophyta, cycadophyta, ginkgophyta, gnetophyta

reproduce by cones, trees and shrubs, male and female in same individual, needle-like pines, cedars, cypresses, redwoods

coniferophyta

small palm like and primative either female and a male (dioecious) cycads

cycadophyta

fan-like leaves, china and korea, has f and m, leaves fan-shaped 1sp ginkgo biloba

ginkgophyta

smallest group with only about 100 species family: gnetum, ephedra, welwitschla

gnetophyta

Gnetum

tropical, lianas, trees an shrubs

Ephedra

Shrubs and vine-like, medical uses

Welwitschia

Welwitschia mirabilis (2 leaves, national symbol)

angiosperms (flowering plants)

produce flowers and fruits to protect the embrion, can be monocots (1 embrion) or dicots (2embrions)

Monocots examples

Wheat, corn, lilies, orchids

Dicots examples

Sunflowers, buttercups, apple trees, lilac and roses

Animalia

Kingdom They are multicellular Heterotrophs They can move out at least at some part of their lifecycle Divided in 8 groups

Body plan

Group of morphological features common to a Phylum of animals.

Body plan criteria

Levels of organization, Body symmetry, Germ layers, Embryological development, Body cavity, Segmentation, Cephalization

Nematoda

They are roundworms Parasites or free-living Marine - Fresh water Don't have sections

Examples of Nematoda

Ascaris Toxocara Filaria

Mollusca

Soft and slimy body Food source for all kingdoms Exoskeleton is made of Calcium Carbonate CaCO3

Examples of Mollusca

Slug Snail Octopus Squids Oisters

Arthropoda

The largest phylum for Animalia Exoskeleton is made of chitin Land or water animals Jointed and specialized appendages

Examples of Arthropoda

Insecta (6 legs) Ladybug Arachnida (8 legs) Spiders Myriapoda MANY LEGS Centipede Crustacea Crabs

Annelida

Ringworms or segmental worms Hermaphrodites Aquatic or moist environments (breath trough their skin)

Examples of Annelida

Leach Earthworms

Cnidaria

Exclusive of aquatic environments Stinging cells (nematocysts) Soft bodies

Examples of Cnidaria

Jellyfish Coral Hydras Sea anemone

Platyhelminthes

Tapeworms or flatworms Soft body Most are parasites

Examples of Platyhelminthes

Fasciola Planarian (no parasite) Taenia

Echinodermata

Marine Hard skin Scavengers

Examples of Echinodermata

Starfish Sea urchin Sea cucumber

Chordata

Most biodiversity Spinal chord

Notochord

backbone (humans)

Nerve cord

Bundle of nerves, nervous system / spinal chord

Slits

Gilts, in humans they disappear by closing

Post-anal tail

End of the notochord, from the coxis the tail comes out, in humans it disappears