Biology 3rd partial

Aristotle

first to begin in classify all living things
divided animals into, those with and without blood

Carl Linnaeus

He developed the system of binomial nomenclature He popularized rank- based classification (3kingdoms and 5 ranks class, order, family, genus, species

Robert Whittaker

Proposed that organisms should be divided into 5 kingdoms
Based on the structure of the cell, made of nutrition, interrelationship, body organization and reproduction

Carl Woese

He grouped the five kingdoms proposed by Whittaker into 3 great domains
Based on evolutionary relationships and molecular differences

domain, kingdom, phylum/division, class, order, family, genus, species

taxonomy ranks

helical, polyhedral, enveloped, complex

categories of virus

nucleic acid (RNA, DNA), capsid (capsomere), envelope

principal components of a virus

helical virus

look like long rods
they can be rigid or flexible

RNA, capsid, capsomere

structure of helical virus

tobacco mosaic, tomato mosaic, ebola, rabies

examples of helical virus

polyhedral virus

these are many-sided viruses. their capsids can have different number of sides.

DNA, capsomere, capsid, glycoprotein

structure of polyhedral virus

adenovirus, papovavirus (HPV), retrovirus (HIV), parvovirus

examples of polyhedral virus

enveloped virus

these are shaped like spheres because they have a protein, fat or carbohydrate coat over their capsid.

envelope, RNA, capsid, glycoprotein

structure of enveloped virus

coronavirus, influenza, SARS, MERS

examples of enveloped virus

complex virus

these have complicated structures. capsids can be attached to structures that look like legs called tail fibres

DNA, capsid, head, collar, tail sheath, tail, tail fibre, spikes

structure of complex virus

bacteriophages

example of complex virus

zoonosis

able to jump from a species to another

lytic cycle

the cell releases copies of the virus

lysogenic cycles

the cell duplicates itself with the DNA of the virus and release it at the same time

protista

kingdom
unicellular and microscopic
photosynthetic or heterotrophic
they prefer aquatic or moist environments

animal-like (protozoa)

humid, aquatic environments, free-living or parasites
heterotrophs uses phagocytosis and ability to move

Examples of Protozoa

Sarcodina-Amoeba-Pseudopodia, Flagelletas-Trypanozoma-Flagella, Cillates-Paramecium-Cilia, Sporozoa-Plasmodium-don't have structure to move an example Malaria

plant-like (algae)

photosynthetic organisms, all have chlorophyll, can be chlorophyta, rhodophyta, phaeophyta, chrysophyta, pyrrophyta, fresh water, marine or sea wate

(green algae) sea lettuce, ulva, fresh water or marine

example of chlorophyta

(red algae) nori (seaweed), dulse, agar, marine

example of rhodophyta

(brown algae) sargassum, emulsifier, multicellular and marine

example of phaeophyta

(golden algae) diatoms, phytoplankton, unicellular and fresh water

example of chrysophyta

(fire algae) dinoflagellates(flagella and photosynthesis), red tie, bioluminescence

example of phyrrophyta

fungi-like (slime molds)

in their cell wall, they don't have chitin, instead, they have cellulose
bright colors, saprophytic, unicellular

fungi

kingdom
saprophytes (feed on decaying bodies)
cell walls contain chitin
secrete digestive enzymes into their food source
Multicellular (mushrooms) and unicellular (yeasts), can be parasitic

zygomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, chytridiomycetes

fungi division

zygomycetes

molds
microscopic
live in soil or decaying matter

Zyogomicota

Sporangium spore case (round shape)
Zygospores

examples of zygomycetes

rhizopus, mucor

ascomycetes

sporecase: ascus
ascospores

Ascomycetes can be

Cup fungi
Morels
Truffles
Yeasts
Penicillium
Aspergillus

Examples of ascomycetes

Pezizaceae (cup fungi)
T. magnatium (truffles) grow underground
Morchella esculenta, Hyromitra esculenta (morel)
Saccharomyces, candida albican (yeast)
Elariceps purpua (LSD)

basidiomycetes

perfect mushrooms
mushrooms (edible, non poisonous), toadstools (poisonous), smut, rusts, puffballs
cap, stem, ring, volva

Basiodiomycetes spore case

Basidium
Basidiospores

basidiomycetes examples

toadstools: agaricus xanthodermus, amanita phalloides, amanita virosa
mushroom: agaricus bisporus, calvatic gigantea
smuts: ustilago maydis
rusts: puccinia
pufballs: lycoperdon, callata gigante

mycelium

all fungal fibers that are underground or in the subtract where they are growing

Hyphae

each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus

micorrhizas

symbiotic relationship between plants roots and fungi

amanita muscaria

has micorrizal relationship with trees

domain: eukarya
kingdom: animalia
division: chordata
class: mammalia
order: primata
family: hominidae
genus: homo
species: H. sapiens

taxonomy of humans

plantae

kingdom
multicellular, autotrophs - photosynthetic pigments
nonmotile
cell walls contain cellulose
cone-bearing(gymnosperms), flowering plants(angiosperms), mosses(Bryophyta), ferns (Pteridophytae)

Sexual reproduction in plants

Pollination, gymnosperms and angiosperms
Spores, Mosses and ferns

Asexual reproduction in plants

Vegetative reproduction

Vegetative reproduction examples

Bulbs (onions)
Stolons (strawberries)
Rhizomes (ginger)
Tubers (potato)

bryophyta

non-vascular land plants (no roots)
reproduce by spores

Examples of bryophyta

mosses, liverworts, hornworts

pteridophytae

older groups of plants
seedless and vascular
reproduce by spores

Examples of pteridophytae

ferns and club mosses

gymnosperms

vascular plants
naked seeds
thick cuticle, needle-like leaves, vascular
coniferophyta, cycadophyta, ginkgophyta, gnetophyta

reproduce by cones, trees and shrubs, male and female in same individual, needle-like
*pines, cedars, cypresses, redwoods*

coniferophyta

small
palm like and primative
either female and a male (dioecious)
*cycads*

cycadophyta

fan-like leaves, china and korea, has f and m, leaves fan-shaped
1sp *ginkgo biloba*

ginkgophyta

smallest group with only about 100 species
family: gnetum, ephedra, welwitschla

gnetophyta

Gnetum

tropical, lianas, trees an shrubs

Ephedra

Shrubs and vine-like, medical uses

Welwitschia

Welwitschia mirabilis (2 leaves, national symbol)

angiosperms (flowering plants)

produce flowers and fruits to protect the embrion, can be monocots (1 embrion) or dicots (2embrions)

Monocots examples

Wheat, corn, lilies, orchids

Dicots examples

Sunflowers, buttercups, apple trees, lilac and roses

Animalia

Kingdom
They are multicellular
Heterotrophs
They can move out at least at some part of their lifecycle
Divided in 8 groups

Body plan

Group of morphological features common to a Phylum of animals.

Body plan criteria

Levels of organization, Body symmetry, Germ layers, Embryological development, Body cavity, Segmentation, Cephalization

Nematoda

They are roundworms
Parasites or free-living
Marine - Fresh water
Don't have sections

Examples of Nematoda

Ascaris
Toxocara
Filaria

Mollusca

Soft and slimy body
Food source for all kingdoms
Exoskeleton is made of Calcium Carbonate CaCO3

Examples of Mollusca

Slug
Snail
Octopus
Squids
Oisters

Arthropoda

The largest phylum for Animalia
Exoskeleton is made of chitin
Land or water animals
Jointed and specialized appendages

Examples of Arthropoda

Insecta (6 legs) Ladybug
Arachnida (8 legs) Spiders
Myriapoda *MANY LEGS* Centipede
Crustacea Crabs

Annelida

Ringworms or segmental worms
Hermaphrodites
Aquatic or moist environments (breath trough their skin)

Examples of Annelida

Leach
Earthworms

Cnidaria

Exclusive of aquatic environments
Stinging cells (nematocysts)
Soft bodies

Examples of Cnidaria

Jellyfish
Coral
Hydras
Sea anemone

Platyhelminthes

Tapeworms or flatworms
Soft body
Most are parasites

Examples of Platyhelminthes

Fasciola
Planarian (no parasite)
Taenia

Echinodermata

Marine
Hard skin
Scavengers

Examples of Echinodermata

Starfish
Sea urchin
Sea cucumber

Chordata

Most biodiversity
Spinal chord

Notochord

backbone (humans)

Nerve cord

Bundle of nerves, nervous system / spinal chord

Slits

Gilts, in humans they disappear by closing

Post-anal tail

End of the notochord, from the coxis the tail comes out, in humans it disappears