L7 Information Processing

rods

type of photoreceptor that:

• is specialized for night vision

• detects low light and motion

cones

type of photoreceptor that:

• enable color perception

• high resolution vision in bright light

peripheral vision

detects motion and low light stimuli, but lacks sharpness

foveal (direct) vision

high detail and color perception but requires FOCUS

parietal, frontal

to filter and prioritize important stimuli, the ____ and ____ lobes direct attention to relevant stimuli

superior colliculus

the ______ ______ plays a key role in rapid shifts of visual attention, especially for detecting movement or suddent changes

information processing

comprised of 3 stages:

• 1. stimulus identification

• 2. response selection

• 3. response programming

serial

• linear nature of processing → slower

• used for complex tasks where attention is needed for each step

• more controlled and deliberate → ensures well defined response selection process (accuracy)

parallel

• multiple processes are occuring at the same time → faster speed

• common in automatic, well-learned tasks wehre less conscious attention is needed

• efficient for handling a lot of information, such as in situations that require rapid decisionmaking/multitasking

slower, linearly

• serial processing is ______ because each stage of information processing occurs ______ (one after another)

faster, simultaneously

• parallel processing is ____ because multiple processes occur ___________

more, less, automatic

• serial processing requires _____ cognitive effort and consious thought

• parallel processing requires ____ cognitive effort and is more ____

reaction time (RT)

• the time between the presentation of stimulus and initiation of movement

• or the time required for a person to prepare, initiate, and move

movement time (MT)

time between the initation of movement and its completion

independent

RT and MT are generally considered to be _____

• one does NOT predict the other

• measure different aspects of performance

premotor period

time from stimulus to beginning of EMG activity

• measures receipt, processing and transmission of information

motor period

time from onset of EMG activity to initiation of movement

stimulus identification

stage in which there is onset of environmental stimulus

• comprised of 2 substages: detection and pattern recognition

stimulus detection

• occurance of stimulus resulting in neurological impulses received by brain

• perceives nature of stimulus and modality

  • clarity: visual is sharp vs. blurry

  • intensity: brighter/louder stimulus

  • modality: react to auditory faster than visual

pattern recognition

extract a feature from stimulus

• ex. how fast an object is thrown

response selection

stage in which the brain decides what reaction to make to stimulus

• can increase/decrease RT based on:

  • # of stimulus-response alternatives

  • stimulus response compatibility

more, slower

processing information requires _____ time when the number of possible alternatives increase

• more choices → more cognitive processing → ____ decision making

hick’s law

more repsonse options = longer reaction time

• Ex. typing on a keyboard, playing an instrument, sports decision making

stimulus response compatibility

• the association between stimulus and resposne (S-R)

• RT decreases as the relationship between S-R improves

stroop effect

the phenomenon that demonstrates the interference between processing the meaning of word and it’s physical presentation

response programming

• organize and initiate action

• translate an abstract idea into a set of msucular actions

• events occuring in this stage are complex

  • program of action must be retrieved from memory

complexity, program

• RT increases as the _____ of the response increases

• RT in movements increase due to increased time to _____ the movement

number, accuracy, duration

response programming time is slower or faster depending on:

• ____ of movement parts

• movement _____ requirements

• movement _____ (how long it takes to perform)