AP Gov Required Terms, Court Cases, Constitutional Clauses, and Amendments

First Amendment

Freedom of speech & religion

Second Amendment

Right to Bear Arms

Third Amendment

Quartering

Fourth Amendment

Unreasonable Searches & Seizures

Fifth Amendment

Due Process & Eminent Domain

Sixth Amendment

Free, Fair, Speedy, and Impartial Trial by a Jury

Seventh Amendment

Right to Jury Trial in Civil Cases over $20

Eighth Amendment

Cruel & Unusual Punishment

Ninth Amendment

Rights Reserved to the People

Tenth Amendment

Rights Reserved to the States

Eleventh Amendment

Sovereign Immunity

Twelfth Amendment

Vice Presidential Elections

Thirteenth Amendment

Abolished Slavery

Fourteenth Amendment

Equal Protection; Birthright Citizenship and Citizenship for Freedmen

Fifteenth Amendment

Voting Rights for All Citizens

Sixteenth Amendment

Income Tax

Seventeenth Amendment

Direct Election of Senators

Eighteenth Amendment

Abolition

Nineteenth Amendment

Voting Rights for Women

Twentieth Amendment

Lame Duck Session

Twenty-First Amendment

Repealed Abolition

Twenty-Second Amendment

Term Limits

Twenty-Third Amendment

DC Voting Rights

Twenty-Fourth Amendment

Elimination of Poll Taxes

Twenty-Fifth Amendment

Presidential Succession

Twenty-Sixth Amendment

Lowered Voting Age to 18

Article I of the Constitution

Establishment of Congress

Article II of the Constitution

The Presidency

Article III of the Constitution

The Supreme Court

Article IV of the Constitution

The States

Article V of the Constitution

Amendment Process

Article VI of the Constitution

Supremacy Clause; Bans Religion Tests; Oath of Office

Article VII of the Constitution

Ratification of the Constitution

Tinker v Des Moines

Protected the Rights of Students to Symbolically Protest the Vietnam War at School

Pork Barrel Legislation

The use of government funds to please voters in a specific representative’s district

Wisconsin v Yoder

Ruled that Amish children did not have to attend school beyond Grade 8

Horse Race Media Coverage

How the media covers elections similar to how they cover horse races, by focusing on polling data and public perception rather than candidate policy

Bully Pulpit

A position that provides an outstanding oppurtunity to speak out against any issue; i.e. the presidency

United States v Lopez

Ruled that a school-zone weapons ban passed by Congress was unconstitutional.

Federalist No. 51

James Madison expresses the need for seperation of powers

Federalist No. 71

Hamilton argues for a four-year long presidential term.

Shadow Docket

When the Supreme Court takes up cases immediately.

Federalist No. 10

James Madison argues that stretching a democracy over a large area will keep it responsive to the people, as no one faction could ever take total power.

Brutus No. 1

Antifederalist essay written in 1787; States the the government must govern with the consent of the people. Argues against a strong national government.

McCulloch v Maryland

Established that Congress could charter a national bank under the necessary and proper clause.

Federalist No. 78

Defends judicial review and advocates for an independent judiciary.

Logrolling

Exchanging favors in return for voting in favor of one’s policies.

Whips

Assistant party leaders who make sure that representatives vote in accordance with their party platform rather than personal ideology.

Baker v Carr

Ruled that the Courts could hear Gerrymandering Cases

Shaw v Reno

Prohibited racial gerrymandering and majority-minority districts.

Stare Decesis

The principle of judicial precedent. “Let the decision stand.”

Discharge Petition

Used to get bills out of committee and put them to a vote immediately rather than waiting for the committee to do so.

Gridlock Reapportionment

When legislatures are unable to agree upon how to redistrict.

Schenk v United States

Upheld the Espionage Act of 1917

Engel v Vitale

Ruled that school-sponsored prayer violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.

Gideon v Wainright

Required states to provide attorneys to those who could not afford it.

New York Times Co. v United States

Ruled that prior restraint was unconstitutional.

McDonald v Chicago

Ruled that the Right to Bear Arms applies to state and local governments.

Substantive Due Process

Allows courts to uphold fundamental rights, even if they are not specifically enshrined in law.

Title IX of the Education Act of 1972

Prohibits gender discrimination in any programs receiving federal assistance.

Procedural Due Process

Requires government officials to follow fair procedures

Planned Parenthood v Casey

Struck down the Pennsylvania requirement that women need to notify their spouses to have an abortion.

Supply-Side Economics

Promotes free trade, lower taxes, and decreased regulation, while also increasing military spending.

Iron Triangle

The relationship between Congressional committees, the bueracracy, and interest groups.

Structural Voter Barriers

Structural Voter Barriers

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002

Regulates soft money in elections and regulates campaign spending on ads from companies.

Marbury v Madison

Established the precedent of judicial review.

Federalist No. 70

Hamilton argues for a strong executive branch, as opposed to th Confederation’s weak executive.

Twenty-Seventh Amendment

Congressional Pay Raises