Studied by 12 people
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ball and socket
what joint classification is the shoulder joint?
true
true or false? increased mobility means decreased stability
subscapularis, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, and teres minor
what are the muscles of the rotator cuff?
teres major
what muscles are known as the “little lats”?
abduction
if the anterior deltoid, middle deltoid, and posterior deltoid all work together, what is the resulted motion?
peripheral nerves
originate outside the spinal cord and innervate the muscles
spinal nerves
originate within the CNS and do not directly innervate muscles
30
in scapulohumeral rhythm, the first __ degrees is all glenohumeral movement
2:1
what is the overall ratio of scapulohumeral rhythm in terms of scapula to glenohumeral?
true
true or false? after 30 degrees of scapulohumeral rhythm, the glenohumeral joint and scapula move simultaneously
tubercle
small raised eminence
tuberosity
large, rounded elevation
trochanter
large, blunt elevation
process
projecting spine-like part
condyle
rounded articular area
epicondyle
eminence superior to a condyle
brachialis
flexes the elbow regardless of position
biceps brachii
flexes the elbow when forearm is supinated
brachioradialis
flexes the elbow when forearm is pronated
lateral epicondylosis (tennis elbow)
pain distal and lateral to the lateral epicondyle and functional weakness
overuse and sudden overload to the extensor carpi radialis brevis
medial epicondylosis (golfer’s elbow)
pain distal to the medial epicondyle and functional weakness
overuse and sudden overload to the pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, or palmaris longus
lateral epicondylosis (tennis elbow)
resisted wrist extension,
abduction
movement away from the midline
adduction
movement towards the midline
inversion
moving the sole of the foot inward towards the opposite malleolus
eversion
moving the sole of the foot outward
sagittal
splits the body into left and right
frontal
movements in the sagittal plane move on the _______ axis
frontal
splits the body into front and back
sagittal
movements in the frontal plane move on the ______ axis
transverse
splits the body into top and bottom
vertical
movements in the transverse plane move on the _______ axis
axial
head, trunk, spine
appendicular
extremities
fibrous
synarthrosis, gomphosis, and syndesmosis
synarthrosis
no movement; sutures
gomphosis
tooth and wall of its socket
syndesmosis
small amount of twisting and stretching
cartilaginous
amphiarthrodial joints; small amounts of movement; hyaline or fibrocartilage between two bones
synovial joint
no direct union between bone ends
synovial joint
free movement; hip, knee, shoulder
plane
nonaxial
gliding movement
intercarpal
hinge
uniaxial
flexion/extension movement
elbow and knee
pivot
uniaxial
rotational movement
radius/ulna
condyloid
biaxial
flexion/extension, abduction/adduction
wrist, MPs
saddle
biaxial
flexion/extension, abduction/adduction
thumb CMC
ball and socket
triaxial
flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation
shoulder and hip
extensibility
muscles ability to stretch or lengthen when a force is applies
elasticity
muscles ability to recoil or return to normal resting length when the strengthening or shortening force is removed
contractility
muscles ability to contract and generate force when it receives adequate stimulation
strongest at the moment arm (about half way through the motion)
at what point is the muscle the most efficient or strongest?
COG
balance point of an object; torque on all sides is equal; where all 3 planes intersect on an average adult
BOS
part of body in contact with supporting surface
LOG
imaginary vertical line passing through the COG
stability
low COG, wide BOS, LOG at center of support, heavy weight/large mass
mobility
high COG, narrow BOS, LOG away from center of support, light weight/small mass
kyphosis
decreased pressure on facets, increased pressure on disks
kyphosis
tight flexors and stretched extensors
lordosis
decreased pressure on disks, increased pressure on facets
lordosis
tight extensors, stretched flexors
CNS
brain and spinal cord
somatic nervous system
communicates with sense organs and voluntary muscles
autonomic nervous system
communicates with internal organs and glands
afferent
sensory nerves, sensory input
efferent
motor nerves, motor output
cord
main way for information connecting the brain and PNS
column
the vertebral bodies that house and protect the spinal cord
8
how many pairs of nerves does the cervical portion contain?
12
how many pairs of nerves does the thoracic portion contain?
5
how many pairs of nerves does the lumbar portion contain?
5
how many pairs of nerves does the sacral portion contain?
1
how many pairs of nerves does the coccygeal portion contain?
7
how many vertebral bodies does the cervical portion contain?
12
how many vertebral bodies does the thoracic portion contain?
5
how many vertebral bodies does the lumbar portion contain?
5
how many vertebral bodies does the sacral portion contain?
upper motor neuron
motor neuron that travels from the brain or brainstem down the spinal cord and synapse above the anterior horn
upper motor neuron
injuries: SCI, MS, Parkinsons, CVA, head injuries
lower motor neuron
motor neurons that synapse at the anterior horn of the spinal cord
lower motor neuron
injuries: MD, Polio, Myasthenia Gravis, peripheral nerve injuries
plexus
spinal nerves that join together and/or branch out to form a network
spinal nerves
formed by any one of the paired peripheral nerves from each of the spinal cord levels
cervical plexus
c1-c4
cervical plexus
innervates mm of neck
brachial plexus
c5-t1
brachial plexus
primarily innervates mm of the upper limb
lumbosacral plexus
l1-s5
lumbosacral plexus
innervates lower limb
false
true or false? thoracic plexus.
soft end feel
approximation of soft tissue
soft end feel
soft tissue of cold with the posterior thigh in knee flexion
firm end feel
caused by capsular, ligamentous, or tendinous structures
firm end feel, muscular stretch
hip flexion with knee extended
firm end feel, capsular stretch
MCP extension
firm end feel, ligamentous stretch
forearm supination
hard end feel
bone contacting bone
hard end feel
olecranon process of the ulna moves into the olecranon fossa of the humerus during elbow extension
medial epicondylosis (golfer’s elbow)
provocative motions: wrist and finger flexion combined with active pronation
radial head subluxation (pulled elbow or nursemaid’s elbow)
pain just distal to the medial epicondyle and functional weakness
overuse or sudden overload to the PT, FCR, or PL
radial head subluxation (pulled elbow or nursemaid’s elbow)
provocative movements: wrist and finger flexion combined with active pronation
ex. swinging child around
