Anatomy Midterm

ball and socket

what joint classification is the shoulder joint?

true

true or false? increased mobility means decreased stability

subscapularis, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, and teres minor

what are the muscles of the rotator cuff?

teres major

what muscles are known as the “little lats”?

abduction

if the anterior deltoid, middle deltoid, and posterior deltoid all work together, what is the resulted motion?

peripheral nerves

originate outside the spinal cord and innervate the muscles

spinal nerves

originate within the CNS and do not directly innervate muscles

30

in scapulohumeral rhythm, the first __ degrees is all glenohumeral movement

2:1

what is the overall ratio of scapulohumeral rhythm in terms of scapula to glenohumeral?

true

true or false? after 30 degrees of scapulohumeral rhythm, the glenohumeral joint and scapula move simultaneously

tubercle

small raised eminence

tuberosity

large, rounded elevation

trochanter

large, blunt elevation

process

projecting spine-like part

condyle

rounded articular area

epicondyle

eminence superior to a condyle

brachialis

flexes the elbow regardless of position

biceps brachii

flexes the elbow when forearm is supinated

brachioradialis

flexes the elbow when forearm is pronated

lateral epicondylosis (tennis elbow)

pain distal and lateral to the lateral epicondyle and functional weakness

overuse and sudden overload to the extensor carpi radialis brevis

medial epicondylosis (golfer’s elbow)

pain distal to the medial epicondyle and functional weakness

overuse and sudden overload to the pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, or palmaris longus

lateral epicondylosis (tennis elbow)

resisted wrist extension,

abduction

movement away from the midline

adduction

movement towards the midline

inversion

moving the sole of the foot inward towards the opposite malleolus

eversion

moving the sole of the foot outward

sagittal

splits the body into left and right

frontal

movements in the sagittal plane move on the _______ axis

frontal

splits the body into front and back

sagittal

movements in the frontal plane move on the ______ axis

transverse

splits the body into top and bottom

vertical

movements in the transverse plane move on the _______ axis

axial

head, trunk, spine

appendicular

extremities

fibrous

synarthrosis, gomphosis, and syndesmosis

synarthrosis

no movement; sutures

gomphosis

tooth and wall of its socket

syndesmosis

small amount of twisting and stretching

cartilaginous

amphiarthrodial joints; small amounts of movement; hyaline or fibrocartilage between two bones

synovial joint

no direct union between bone ends

synovial joint

free movement; hip, knee, shoulder

plane

nonaxial

gliding movement

intercarpal

hinge

uniaxial

flexion/extension movement

elbow and knee

pivot

uniaxial

rotational movement

radius/ulna

condyloid

biaxial

flexion/extension, abduction/adduction

wrist, MPs

saddle

biaxial

flexion/extension, abduction/adduction

thumb CMC

ball and socket

triaxial

flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation

shoulder and hip

extensibility

muscles ability to stretch or lengthen when a force is applies

elasticity

muscles ability to recoil or return to normal resting length when the strengthening or shortening force is removed

contractility

muscles ability to contract and generate force when it receives adequate stimulation

strongest at the moment arm (about half way through the motion)

at what point is the muscle the most efficient or strongest?

COG

balance point of an object; torque on all sides is equal; where all 3 planes intersect on an average adult

BOS

part of body in contact with supporting surface

LOG

imaginary vertical line passing through the COG

stability

low COG, wide BOS, LOG at center of support, heavy weight/large mass

mobility

high COG, narrow BOS, LOG away from center of support, light weight/small mass

kyphosis

decreased pressure on facets, increased pressure on disks

kyphosis

tight flexors and stretched extensors

lordosis

decreased pressure on disks, increased pressure on facets

lordosis

tight extensors, stretched flexors

CNS

brain and spinal cord

somatic nervous system

communicates with sense organs and voluntary muscles

autonomic nervous system

communicates with internal organs and glands

afferent

sensory nerves, sensory input

efferent

motor nerves, motor output

cord

main way for information connecting the brain and PNS

column

the vertebral bodies that house and protect the spinal cord

8

how many pairs of nerves does the cervical portion contain?

12

how many pairs of nerves does the thoracic portion contain?

5

how many pairs of nerves does the lumbar portion contain?

5

how many pairs of nerves does the sacral portion contain?

1

how many pairs of nerves does the coccygeal portion contain?

7

how many vertebral bodies does the cervical portion contain?

12

how many vertebral bodies does the thoracic portion contain?

5

how many vertebral bodies does the lumbar portion contain?

5

how many vertebral bodies does the sacral portion contain?

upper motor neuron

motor neuron that travels from the brain or brainstem down the spinal cord and synapse above the anterior horn

upper motor neuron

injuries: SCI, MS, Parkinsons, CVA, head injuries

lower motor neuron

motor neurons that synapse at the anterior horn of the spinal cord

lower motor neuron

injuries: MD, Polio, Myasthenia Gravis, peripheral nerve injuries

plexus

spinal nerves that join together and/or branch out to form a network

spinal nerves

formed by any one of the paired peripheral nerves from each of the spinal cord levels

cervical plexus

c1-c4

cervical plexus

innervates mm of neck

brachial plexus

c5-t1

brachial plexus

primarily innervates mm of the upper limb

lumbosacral plexus

l1-s5

lumbosacral plexus

innervates lower limb

false

true or false? thoracic plexus.

soft end feel

approximation of soft tissue

soft end feel

soft tissue of cold with the posterior thigh in knee flexion

firm end feel

caused by capsular, ligamentous, or tendinous structures

firm end feel, muscular stretch

hip flexion with knee extended

firm end feel, capsular stretch

MCP extension

firm end feel, ligamentous stretch

forearm supination

hard end feel

bone contacting bone

hard end feel

olecranon process of the ulna moves into the olecranon fossa of the humerus during elbow extension

medial epicondylosis (golfer’s elbow)

provocative motions: wrist and finger flexion combined with active pronation

radial head subluxation (pulled elbow or nursemaid’s elbow)

pain just distal to the medial epicondyle and functional weakness

overuse or sudden overload to the PT, FCR, or PL

radial head subluxation (pulled elbow or nursemaid’s elbow)

provocative movements: wrist and finger flexion combined with active pronation

ex. swinging child around