notes quiz

a bug falls onto your skin. which option is the effector to get it off? why?

a) receptor within integument

b) skeletal muscle system

c) central nervous sytem

d) endocrine system

b) skeletal muscle system

muscles and glands are effectors.

receptors detect stimuli.

CNS is generally a control center.

which of the following is a tissue, as opposed to an organ? why?

a) biceps brachii muscle

b) artery

c) integument

d) endothelium

d) endothelium

this simple squamous tissue lines the lumen of blood vessels.

the organs each contain all four major tissue types.

given what you learned in chapter 5 about glands, which of the following statements is correct regarding sweat glands? why?

a) these structures are classified as endocrine glands.

b) the functional tissue (that secretes sweat) is epithelial.

c) the secretion mode is most likely holocrine.

d) these structures are mostly composed of skeletal muscle.

c) the secretion mode is most likely holocrine.

all sweat glans are merocrine section mode.

“cilia” are an example of which epithelial tissue characteristic? why?

a) polarity

b) regeneration

c) cellularity

d) innervation

e) avascular

a) polarity

polarity = cells have a top (apical) and bottom (basal).

cilia are an apical specialization.

which of these is not composed of connective tissue? why?

a) hair

b) tendon

c) fat

d) blood

a) hair

hair = stratified squamous epithelial tissue

tendon = dense regular connective tissue

fat = loose connective tissue proper

blood = fluid connective tissue

on the right are the three muscle types. correctly match each structure below to the muscle type it contains.

a+3) blood vessel (transports blood) + smooth

b+1) heart (pumps blood) + cardiac

c+2) biceps brachii (flexes elbow) + skeletal

which tissue type is not present in a sample of skin? why?

a) reticular connective tissue

b) stratified squamous epithelial tissue

c) areolar connective tissue

d) dense irregular connective tissue

a) reticular connective tissue

the superficial layer of the dermis is named “reticular” but it’s made of areolar (loose) connective tissue proper.

reticular = “little net”

which cell type is not present in a sample of epidermis? why?

a) keratinocyte

b) fibroblast

c) dendritic

d) melanocyte

b) fibroblast

a wound leaves a scar filled with collagens made by fibroblasts that invade the epidermis from the dermis.

true/false: merocrine sweat glands are the only exocrine glands that use merocrine mode of secretion. why?

b) false

aprocrine sweat glands are also a merocrine type gland.

which of the following is an example of a biological barrier of defense in/on the integument? why?

a) defensins in sweat

b) melanin

c) stratified keratinocytes

d) dendritic cells

d) dendritic cells

biological barriers include cells that patrol the skin and keratinocyte DNA. These are all part of your 1st line of defense aka immune system.

a hormone dissociates from a carrier protein in blood to enter a neuron and bind to an intracellular receptor. given only this information, the hormone must… and why?

a) be hydrophobic

b) initiate protein synthesis

c) be amino acid-based

d) a+b

e) b+c

d) b+c

steroids are hydrophobic and initiate synthesis of new proteins.

hydrophilic hormones active existing proteins.

the neurohypophysis is? why?

a) is the posterior pituitary lobe

b) stores hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus

c) secretes hormones in response to action potentials (neural stimuli)

d) is attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum

e) all of the above

e) all of the above

the infundibulum includes the tract that send nervous stimuli to the posterior lobe.

anterior pituitary stimulated by releasing and inhibiting hormones.

identify the anterior pituitary hormone targets and why?

I. bone and muscle

II. thyroid gland

III. gonads

IV. liver

a) I, II, III

b) II, III

c) I, II, III, IV

d) I, IV

c) I, II, III, IV

anterior pituitary tropics:

GH: liver (IGF-1 hormone)

TSH: thyroid gland (TH hormon)

LH + FSH: gonads (sex hormones)

ACTH: adrenal cortex (cortisol)

prolactin stimulates an exocrine gland (mammary).

thyroid hormones (T3/T4) arrive at an effector cell. which of the following would not happen? why?

a) liver - decreased glycogenesis

b) adipocyte - increased lipolysis

c) neuron - Na-K ATPase downregulation

d) most cells - glucose transport channel upregulation

c) neuron Na-K ATPase downregulation

TH stimulates neurons to upregulate pumps. This is an exampled of increase BMR.

how do more ATP pumps affect thermoregulation?

ATP hydrolysis = ADP + Pi + Energy [Heat]

except for humans, the vertebrate response to elevated blood (Ca++) is usually secretion of more _____ hormone. why?

a) calcitonin

b) insulin

c) PTH

d) epinephrine

a) calcitonin

in humans, this effect is very weak because our kidneys eliminate excess Ca++

which of the following is correct regarding epinephrine? why?

a) epi is synthesized in the adrenal cortex

b) epi stimulates glycogenesis at hepatocytes

c) epi peaks right before you wake up in the morning

d) epi is secreted in response to a sympathetic (neural) stimulus

d) epi is secreted in response to a sympathetic (neural) stimulus

epi extends the duration of the fight/flight nervous response.

cortisol is the long-term stress hormone that mobilizes, fuels, and stimulates bring you out of REM sleep.

you had to skip breakfast and are starting to feel “shaky” because of low blood glucose. this is a _____ stimulus for secretion of pancreatic glucagon. why?

a) dietary

b) nervous

c) hormonal

d) humoral

d) humoral

changes in blood molecules and ion osmolarity like CHO and Ca++ are humoral forms of stimuli.

3 organelles required for life

nucelus, mitochondria, ribosomes

what is homeostasis?

ability to maintain consistent internal environment in response to changing conditions (ex: internal blood pH + external temperature)

negative feedback in homeostasis

change in a variable is reversed/corrected

control mechanism steps in homeostasis

1. stimulus - something changes

2. receptor - i noticed something changed and tells control center

3. control center - ok something changed, i will start changing and will tell effector

4. effector - i will change stimulus

what is thermoregulation?

1. temperature changes

2. receptors noticed

3. afferent sensory nerves tells hypothalamus

4. hypothalamus to efferent motor nerves to effector (muscle/gland)

5. effector corrects imbalance

health range of blood glucose

70-130 mg/dL

what is the control center for blood glucose?

pancreas

what is the effector response(s) for blood glucose level changes?

high blood glucose = insulin

low blood glucose = glucagon

why do homeostatic responses rise with lights on while others drop?

day/night cycles

light triggers difference biological process

different needs during day vs. night

what is positive feedback?

a more direct change in variable

what is a climactic event?

an event that stops positive feedback

tissues are…

groups of cells that look and do the same

what is epithelial tissue?

packed cells with extracellular matrix

where is epithelial found?

covering body/organ surfaces, lining body/organ cavities, forming glands

what is epithelial for?

boundaries, protection, secretion, absorbing, filtering

exocrine glands and ducts are made of what kind of tissue?

epithelial

6 characteristics of epithelial

cellularity

polarity

basement membrane

avascular

extensive innervation

regeneration

what is cellularity?

tightly packed cells

what is polarity?

specialized apical top + basal bottom

cilia is hairy, microvilli is flat

what is basement membrane?

basal glued to thin areolar CT membrane

what is avascular?

no blood vessels

what is extensive innervation?

supplied with sensory nerves

what is regeneration?

when cells rapidly divide

what does connective tissue contain?

cells, protein fibers, ground substance

what are the 4 types of tissues?

connective, muscle, nervous, epithelial

what is connective tissue for?

binding, supporting, protecting (tissues + organs)

what does connective tissue do?

packs substance, fuel reserves, transports

what is muscle tissue for?

moves skeleton, organ walls, body structures

how does muscle tissue cause movement?

it contracts

what are the 3 types of muscle tissues?

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

skeletal muscle tissue characteristics

voluntary? striated? location? function?

voluntary

striated

attached to bones

moves body, posture, heat production

cardiac muscle tissue characteristics

voluntary? striated? location? function?

not voluntary

striated

heart

pumps blood

smooth muscle tissue characteristics

voluntary? striated? location? function?

not voluntary

not striated

walls of hollow organs + blood vessels

moves substances through organs + controls diameter

what is nervous tissue made of?

neurons and glial cells

what are neurons for?

receives, processes, transmits nerve impulses + electrical signals

what are glial cells for?

support, protection, nourishment, insulating neurons

what is gray matter made of and used for?

made of: neuron cell bodies, dendrites, synapses

for: processing information

what is white matter made of and used for?

made of: myelinated axons

for: carrying and transmitting signals from one area to another

where do endocrine glands secrete to?

into extracellular fluid + diffuses into blood

where do exocrine glands secrete to?

into ducts + taken to surface

what are endocrine glands for?

hormones

what are exocrine glands for?

sweat, breastmilk, stomach acid, tears