Unit 2 - Biomolecules + Enzymes

Biomolecules make up :

All living things

Carbon color

Black

Nitrogen Color

Blue

Oxygen Color

Red

Hydrogen Color

White

Phosphorus Color

Purple

Sulfur Color

Yellow

Methyl Group

• Hydrophobic

• No effect on pH

Alcohol Group

• Hydrophilic

• No effect on pH

Amino Group

• Hydrophilic

• Basic

Carboxyl Group

• Hydrophilic

• Acidic

Phosphate Group

• Hydrophilic

• Acidic

How many bonds does Carbon have?

4

How many bonds does Oxygen have?

2

How many bonds does Nitrogen have?

3

How many bonds does Hydrogen have?

1

The 4 types of biomolecules

• Carbohydrates

• Proteins

• Lipids

• Nucleuic Acids

Most types of Biomolecules are

Polymers

What is a polymer?

A long molecule formed by binding many small molecules together.

Polymers are made of

Monomers

Dehydration Synthesis

A chemical reaction that joins monomers together by removing water.

Synthesis

To create

Dehydration

Removing water

Lipids are Hydro-

-phobic

Nitrogenous Bases

C,T,A,U,G

DNA ‘s only job

Permenant genetic information storage

RNA ‘s multiple jobs

• temporary information storage

• Carrier molecules

• Ribozymes

Ribozymes

Cellular machinery that speeds up chemical reactions

Primary Structure (1º)

• The sequential order of amino acids in a protein

• Encoded by genes in the DNA

What is the only way to change primary structure

To change the DNA

Secondary Structure (2º)

• Portions of the protein that fold into specific structures

• Alpha helix

• Beta pleated sheet

• Not all parts of the protein have secondary structure

Tertiary Structure (3º)

The overall 3D shape of the entire protein

Quaternary Structure (4º)

• The final shape of a complex made up of multiple problems working as a single unit

• Not found in all proteins (optional)

Denaturation

• Disruption of Protein Structure : the Protein unwinds and loses its shaoe

• Caused by change in: temperature, pH, salt, and attack by toxin

• Can sometimes be renatured

Examples of Proteins unfolding (change in temperature)

Cooking and Fevers

Examples of change in pH

Stomach acid

Examples of change in salt

Overhydration or dehydration

Monomers

small subunits

Hydrolysis

Reverse reaction of dehydration synthesis

What is the monomer of Nucleis acids?

Nucleotide

What is the monomer of Carbohydrates?

Simple Sugars

What is the monomer of Lipids?

Fatty acids

What is the monomer of Proteins?

Amino Acids

What bases does RNA use?

A,U,C,G

What bases does DNA use?

A,T,C,G

Chitin

Structural Polymer of glucose

• cell walls of fungi

• exoskeleten of arthopeta

Cellulose

Structural polymer of Glucose

• cell walls of plants

Starch

Storage polymer of Glucose

• stores sugar in plants

Glycogen

Storage polymer of Glucose

• stores sugar in animals

Phospholipids

Storage polymer of Lipids

• Makes up all membranes

Cholestrol

• Found in membranes of animals

Steroids

• Built from cholestrol

• Communication molecules in an organism

Triglycorde

• Energy storage in animals

If a protein loses its shape

It cannot function

Some proteins can (opposite of denature)

renature

Name rule for Carbohydrates

end in -ose

Name rule for proteins

end in -in and -ase

If a protein ends in -ase

it is an enzyme

Polymers of carbohydrates

Cellulose, Chitin, Startch, Glycogen

Polymers of nucleic acids

DNA + RNA

Polymers of Lipids

Phospholipids, Cholestrol, Steroids, Triglycoride

Polymers of proteins

Proteins