Study guide for midterm (small ruminant)

Difference between infectious, noninfectious, and contagious diseases

Infectious: produced by microorganisms that enter body and cause changes in body fluids

Contagious: transmitted by passage of infectious agent from animal to animal

Noninfectious: result from injury, improper nutrition, genetic abnormality, exposure to toxic substance

Definitions of antigen and antibody

Antigen: substance recognized as foreign to the body (typically proteins, microorganisms, venom)

Antibody: protein produced in white blood cells in response to a specific antigen and are to bind with the antigen

Three types of immunity

Passive immunity: antibodies produced in one animal placed in another with the second obtaining temporary protection

Active: as a result of antibodies produced in the body as a result of infection

natural immunity: species resistance animals resistant to some diseases of other species

Pharmaceuticals

are for treating disease

have selective effective antimicrobial activity

in forms of drenches, bolus, liquid, feed additives, powder

Biologicals (ex: antiserum)

stimulate immunity to disease

keep refrigerated

cause antigen to antibody reaction

Know difference between antitoxin and toxoid and when to use

antitoxin: an antibody to a toxin produced by a microorganism

toxoid: detoxified toxins used as antigens to stimulate production of antibodies

Off-label or extra-label drug use – why is it done?  Who can authorize it?

only vets can authorize it

can only be used if there is valid vet client patient relationship

it is done if vet has examined animal and recommended off label use drug

Explain a valid veterinarian/client/patient relationship and conditions that must be met

Vet has examined the animals and
recommended off label use
2. Client is instructed in usage and withdrawal
3. Veterinarian is available for follow-up

2. Vet determines no approved drug exists
3. Treated animal must be identified and
records kept

5. Vet, drug name, usage, withdrawal info on
drug label

Needle gauge and sizes

– larger the gauge number the thinner the needle

common needle gauges: 18,20,22 (1 and 1 ½ inch long)

other needle gauges: 16,23,26

20 is diameter of paper clip

18 gauge for thick medications

Most common needle gauges used with sheep and goats

20 ( 4 weeks old, 4-16 weeks, 4-6 months)

18-20 (less than 6 months )

Where injections should be done on animals and why

neck, along flank, abdomen common sites for subcutaneous

subcutaneous injections result in slower absorption of drug

base of ear

intramuscular: preferred site is neck (absorption is quick due to blood supply)

Intravenous: quickest effect of drug as it directly put in blood system

Procedure for subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous injections

subcutaneous: use 20 or 22 gauge (3/4 or 1 inch long) inject no more than 5 ml in one spot

pull up skin to make tent, insert needle and don’t pierce through other side

pull back plunger to make sure blood vessel is not pierced

intramuscular: after needle is inserted pullback plunger to see if it is in blood vessel

Intravenous: pressure applied at the bottom of the groove with your thumb

Withdrawal times – what are they and where you can find them online

period from last use of drug until animal product is used

can be found on label if approved

vet

meat or dairy goat production handbook tables

approved drugs @FDA green book

FARAD

Normal vital signs for sheep and goats – temperature, respiration, heart rate, rumen movement

Goats: 102 , 15 per min (respiration), 90 per min (heart rate) 2-4 min

sheep: 102, 19 per min(respiration) , 75 per min (heart rate) 2-4 min

Where to take pulse or heart rate on the animal

placing
fingertips between ribs behind the elbow

place index and middle finger on artery just below and slightly inside jaw, two thirds to the rear of the muzzle

When tubing a sheep or goat, how can you determine if the tube is in the esophagus?

can either be seen or felt through the throat

check smell of rumen fluid

check for penetration

Bolus or tablet administration by “balling” an animal.

balling gun has holder for tablet in the end and a plunger to expel the bolus into the throat

Be familiar with procedures and supplies for drenching, tubing, balling, etc.

balling: put bolus in gun, insert gun to the rear of the mouth while tilting the animals head up, depress plunger and hold mouth shut to facilitate swallowing

tubing: insert tube down mouth directly into stomach

drenching: hold head in arm and pry open mouth, insert bottle or drenching gun, pour liquid in slowly to allow animal to swallow

Caseous lymphadenitis

signs: swollen abscessed lymph nodes, cheesy greenish colored pus

treatment: lance abscess, burn or bury pus, clean with 7% iodine solution

zoonotic

transmitted by contact with pus

Chlamydiosis

cause infectious abortion, other strains can cause pinkeye and arthritis

signs: late term abortions, still births

birth of weak kid

transmitted through contaminated feed, infected vaginal discharge

treatment: burn or bury aborted fetus and tissues

not zoonotic

Enterotoxemia

cause by bacterium clostridium perfringens

these bacteria can multiply and produce toxins in lethal quantities

affects kids

signs: star gazing, convulsion, tooth grinding, and death within a few hours

rumen movement will stop

treatment: use antitoxin, antibiotics to stop bacteria, toxoid can be used to prevent

not zoonotic

Johne’s disease

caused by mycobaacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis

signs: progressive weight loss, rough hair coat, decrease milk production, and progressive depression

no treatment

not zoonotic

pinkeye

caused by bacteria, viruses, chlamydia

signs: watery eyes, redness of white of eye

cornea becomes cloudy

transmitted by contact with infected animals, irritation from dust, scratches to eye

treatment: use antibiotic eye ointment, isolate animals to prevent animal to animal contact

not zoonotic

Tetanus

“lockjaw”

caused by poisons produced by clostridium tetani

signs: stiffness of localized muscle groups such as head and neck

muscle spasms occur

increase in body temp

usually fatal

treatment: large dose of penicillin

2 doses of tetanus toxoid 30 days apart and yearly boosters

not zoonotic but can affect humans and should be vaccinated

Q fever

caused by bacterial infection

signs: causes fetal resorption, stillbirths, late term abortions

transmission: can be inhaled or consumed via infected material

or through tick bites

treatment: aborted fetus and tissues should be burned or buried

is zoonotic

foot rot

caused by 2 anaerobic bacteria

transmitted by infected animals brought onto farm

not zoonotic

Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis- CAE

signs in young kids : develop weakness in rear legs, stumble and cant rise

no fever

legs lose strength and infected kids usually die

signs in older goats: swollen joints, lose weight, decreased productivity

transmitted by horizontal transmission adult to adult contact

not zoonotic

Orf (sore mouth)

signs: thick scabby sores on lips and gums

cause by viral disease

treatment: vaccine and constant exposure

is zoonotic

Scrapie

signs: nervousness, muscle tremors, wobbly gait, itchiness, weight loss, as it progresses animals are unable to stand, and results to death

No treatment, infected are eradicated

Not zoonotic

has the Mandatory scrapie eradication program: require sheep/goat producer to identify certain sheep/goat

must be officially identified prior to selling them or transporting them from birth place

records/tags and sale records must be kept for five years

Toxoplasmosis

causes abortion

signs: fetal reabsorption or birth of mummified fetus

Treatment: isolate affected animal

burn or bury aborted materials

no vaccine

is zoonotic

bloat

cause: consumption of lush legumes or by concentrate

signs: difficulty breathing, discomfort, thumped pain

treatment: Tie a stick in the mouth for the goat to chew on
and stimulate saliva production to reduce to
reduce froth
– as last resort use a large gauge needle and stab
into rumen or trocar and cannula
– Sometimes a tube or hose can be forced down
throat

Milk fever

caused by inability to release stored calcium in bones for milk production

signs: doe walk with wobbly gait, not able to stand, depression

treatment: IV calcium borogluconate, fast response

Polioencephalomalacia

signs: loss of appetite, depression, reduced rumen motility, head pressing, grinding teeth, muscle tremors ,head pulled back

convulsions

Treatment: thiamine injections

not zoonotic

Pregnancy toxemia or ketosis

cause: rapid breakdown of body fate resulting in high production of ketones

signs: depression, weak animals, poor muscle control, ketone bodies in urine

treatment: give propylene glycol

General life cycle of Haemonchus contortus

Larvae are ingested from eggs excreted in feces of
infected animals that hatched on pasture
– Larvae like warmth and moisture – rains and lush
forage growth enhance development
– In winter, worms recognize the cooler climate and
go into hypobiosis, or hibernate, within the host

During hypobiosis the worms are metabolically
inactive and less susceptible to treatment
– In spring, worms become active again and the
number of eggs excreted increases
– Young animals are more affected than older
animals
– Total life cycle takes about 3 weeks

How goats pick up the barberpole worm when grazing

by ingesting infested forage

What is hypobiosis?

L4 can enter suspended animation called hypobiosis
or arrested form

Peri-parturient rise in fecal egg output at or around parturition and lactation

contamination phase

Why Haemonchus contortus is called the barberpole worm

red gut due to ingestion of blood twisted around white uterus

What is bottle jaw?

swelling under jaw

Size of barberpole worm

1 inch long

Ostertagia

brown stomach worm smaller than barberpole worm

size of eyelash

feeds on nutrients in mucosa, can feed on blood if present

Bankrupt worm – Trichostrongylus

intestinal hairworm

small threadlike

thrives in cooler wet climates

called bankrupt bc death seldom occurs but animal performs poorly

Hydatidosis

called cysticercosis

sheep pick up through contaminated feed

embeds itself in the tissue of its host

Tapeworm

long ribbon like

2-3 ft long

head attaches to small intestine

What is a fecal egg count?  How is it done?

count number of eggs per gram of feces (epg)

A calculation is performed to determine the number of eggs/gram in the manure

FAMACHA card and use

Color eye chart developed in S. Africa to gauge parasite
infestation
– Match color of inside of lower eye lid with color on chart
– Recommendations for treatment

What is Cover, Push, Pull, Pop and what is it used for?

used to for anemia

cover eyeball with thumb

pull down lower eyelid

pop inner eyelid out

PCV or packed cell volume, What does it measure?  Above what percent is considered normal, below anemic

measures percentage of blood that is red blood cells

normal is 30% or higher

less than 20% is anemia

Liver fluke life cycle – needs snail as intermediate host

small leaf shaped that are in bile ducts or liver tissue

parasitizes, goats, sheep, cattle, and humans

Coccidiosis – protozoan, age of goats most affected, treatment and prevention

caused by a protozoa

problem in young goats 3 weeks-4 months of age