APBIO UNIT 1

Biological monomers are linked together to form a polymer using:

Covalent bonds.

Pyrimidine

________: Thymine and cytosine, has one carbon /nitrogen ring.

Purine

________: Adenine and guanine, has two carbon /nitrogen ring.

Polysaccharide

________: many sugar carbohydrate (starch, chitin, cellulose)

Fatty acids

________: functional unit of fats, hydrocarbons.

Beta sheet

________: secondary structure formed by hydrogen bonds that pleats.

Nonpolar

________: electrons shared equally between atoms.

Alpha helix

________: secondary structure formed by hydrogen bonds that twists.

Hydrophobic

________: nonpolar substances, not soluble in water.

Starch

________: Branched carbohydrate used by plants for energy storage.

Proton

________: positively charged subatomic particle.

Electron

________: negatively charged subatomic particle.

Ribose

________: Pentose sugar found in RNA.

Hydrophilic

________: polar substances, soluble in water, easily forms hydrogen bond w/ water.

Partially positively /negatively charged: occurs in

Polar covalent bonds, leads to hydrogen bonding, overall molecule is neutral.

Polar

________: electrons are not shared evenly, results in a partial positive and partial negative.

Carboxyl Group

COOH group, acidic

Electron

negatively charged subatomic particle

Neutron

neutral subatomic particle

Proton

positively charged subatomic particle

Ion

Charged atom

Nonpolar

electrons shared equally between atoms

Polar

electrons are not shared evenly, results in a partial positive and partial negative

Partially positively /negatively charged

occurs in polar covalent bonds, leads to hydrogen bonding, overall molecule is neutral

Peptide bond

bond between amino acids

Polysaccharide

many sugar carbohydrate (starch, chitin, cellulose)

Pyrimidine

Thymine and cytosine, has one carbon/nitrogen ring

Purine

Adenine and guanine, has two carbon/nitrogen ring

Ribose

Pentose sugar found in RNA

Fatty acids

functional unit of fats, hydrocarbons

Beta sheet

secondary structure formed by hydrogen bonds that pleats

Alpha helix

secondary structure formed by hydrogen bonds that twists

Amine

NH2 group, basic

PH above 7

basic, (low concentration of H+ bonds)

PH below 7

acidic (high concentration of H+ bonds)

Phosphodiester bond

bond between two nucleotides that forms the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA and RNA

Glycosidic bonds

bond between sugars

Hydrogen bond

Type of bond that holds two DNA strands together

Starch

Branched carbohydrate used by plants for energy storage

Atoms of various elements needed by an organism to produce more macromolecules must be obtained from the

Environment

Biological monomers are linked together to form a polymer using

Covalent bonds

Guanine pairs w/

Cytocine

Adenine w/

Thymine/Uracil

Hydrophilic

polar substances, soluble in water, hydrogen bond

Hydrophobic

nonpolar substances, not soluble in water

Primary Level

structural level of proteins describing the sequence of amino acids

Secondary Level

structural level in which hydrogen bonds create helices or sheets; structural level of proteins describing the shapes within a protein

Tertiary Level

structural level in which polypeptide's r-groups interact to create a unique 3D shape; structural level of proteins describing entire protein as a whole

Quaternary Level

multiple polypeptides interact to create a functional protein