ANSC 305 exam 1

The six classes of nutrients are water, carbohydrates, fats, protein, ________, and ________.

vitamins; minerals

Approximately ________% of the body of a lean adult animal is water.

70%

The most important nutrient for all species is ________.

water

Three major sources of water are drinking water, ________, and metabolic water.

food

Metabolic water contributes approximately ________% of total water intake.

5–10%

An animal can maintain fluid balance from food alone if the diet contains more than approximately ________% moisture.

67%

Cats are more likely than dogs to underconsume water, resulting in more ________ urine.

concentrated

Urine specific gravity is measured using a ________.

refractometer

The specific gravity of pure water is ________.

1.000

Normal dog urine specific gravity is approximately ________ to ________.

1.015–1.045

Normal cat urine specific gravity is approximately ________ to ________.

1.035–1.060

Rough hair coat, tacky mucous membranes, sunken eyes, and decreased skin turgor can indicate ________.

dehydration

Approximately ________% dehydration is considered severe.

10%

The formula for fluid deficit in liters is ________ × ________.

% dehydration × body weight in kg

A 20-kg dog that is 7% dehydrated has a fluid deficit of ________ L.

1.4 L

Dog maintenance fluid requirements are approximately ________ mL/kg/day.

60 mL/kg/day

A 20-kg dog's daily maintenance fluid requirement is ________ L/day.

1.2 L/day

If a 20-kg dog is 7% dehydrated and its deficit is corrected over 12 hours while also providing half its daily maintenance, it should receive ________ L in the first 12 hours.

2.0 L

Delivering 2,000 mL over 12 hours requires a fluid rate of approximately ________ mL/hr.

170 mL/hr

After dehydration has been corrected, a 20-kg dog receiving only maintenance fluids would receive approximately ________ mL/hr.

50 mL/hr

Energy density refers to the number of ________ of ME per kg or lb of food.

kcal

One nutritional Calorie equals ________ kcal.

1

One kcal equals ________ small calories.

1,000

The three energy-yielding nutrient classes are carbohydrates, ________, and ________.

fat; protein

Gross energy minus fecal energy equals ________ energy.

digestible

Digestible energy minus urinary energy equals ________ energy.

metabolizable

Modified Atwater Factors estimate ME while accounting for nutrient ________.

digestibility

The Modified Atwater Factor for carbohydrates is ________ kcal/g.

3.5 kcal/g

The Modified Atwater Factor for protein is ________ kcal/g.

3.5 kcal/g

The Modified Atwater Factor for fat is ________ kcal/g.

8.5 kcal/g

The major energy-containing constituents of plants are ________.

carbohydrates

Glucose, fructose, and galactose are ________.

monosaccharides

Lactose consists of glucose plus ________.

galactose

Sucrose consists of glucose plus ________.

fructose

Starch, glycogen, and dietary fiber are classified as ________.

polysaccharides

Starch contains primarily ________ linkages.

alpha 1-4

The enzyme that breaks down starch is ________.

amylase

Cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins are forms of dietary ________.

fiber

Dietary fiber resists digestion by ________ animals.

monogastric

________ is the non-carbohydrate portion of fiber.

lignin

The limited storage form of glucose in animals is ________.

glycogen

Excess carbohydrate can ultimately be converted to ________.

fat

The hormone that increases cellular glucose uptake is ________.

insulin

Insulin promotes the synthesis of ________ from glucose.

glycogen

The hormone that promotes glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis is ________.

glucagon

Protein is approximately ________% nitrogen.

16%

The building blocks of proteins are ________.

amino acids

There are ________ alpha amino acids discussed in the lecture.

22

Of these, ________ are considered essential amino acids and must be supplied in the diet.

10

________ is an additional essential amino acid-like nutrient required by cats.

taurine

Three commonly limiting amino acids are methionine, tryptophan, and ________.

lysine

Cats can use only ________ for bile salt production.

taurine

Other species can use ________ in bile salt production where cats require taurine.

glycine

Taurine deficiency was first associated with feline central ________ degeneration.

retinal

Taurine is necessary for proper function of the ________, the muscular tissue of the heart.

myocardium

Severe taurine deficiency can contribute to ________ cardiomyopathy.

dilated

Taurine occurs naturally in ________ tissues rather than plant tissues.

animal

Meat, poultry, fish, and ________ are dietary sources of taurine.

shellfish

A high-quality dietary protein is highly digestible and contains the required ________.

essential amino acids

Fats are esters of fatty acids and ________.

glycerol

A triglyceride contains ________ fatty acids bound to glycerol.

three

The two major groups of essential fatty acids are omega-________ and omega-________.

3; 6

In an omega fatty acid designation, the number indicates the position of the first ________.

double bond

Alpha-linolenic acid is an omega-________ fatty acid.

3

Linoleic acid is an omega-________ fatty acid.

6

Linoleic acid is important for normal membrane function and ________ health.

skin

Dogs can produce arachidonic acid from ________ acid.

linoleic

Cats have limited ability to produce ________ acid and therefore require it in their diet.

arachidonic

Essential fatty acids help maintain cell membrane fluidity and ________.

integrity

Fat facilitates absorption of vitamins ________, ________, ________, and ________.

A, D, E, K

The recommended minimum dietary fat for adult maintenance dogs is ________% DM.

5%

The recommended minimum dietary fat for cats is ________% DM.

9%

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are ________-soluble vitamins.

fat

Vitamin C and the B-complex vitamins are ________-soluble.

water

Fat-soluble vitamins generally carry a greater risk of ________ because they can accumulate in the body.

toxicity

Cats require preformed vitamin ________.

A

Dogs can convert ________-carotene to vitamin A.

beta

Vitamin A for cats must therefore come from ________ tissue.

animal

Vitamin D is important in maintaining the balance of calcium and ________.

phosphorus

Vitamin D deficiency in immature animals causes ________.

rickets

Vitamin D deficiency in mature animals causes ________.

osteomalacia

Vitamin E functions primarily as an ________.

antioxidant

Vitamin K is required for normal blood ________.

clotting

Anticoagulant rodenticides interfere with vitamin ________.

K

The antidote for anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity is supplemental vitamin ________.

K

Potassium deficiency is called ________.

hypokalemia

A characteristic clinical sign of hypokalemia in cats is cervical ________.

ventroflexion

Excess potassium is called ________.

hyperkalemia

Hyperkalemia can cause cardiac ________.

arrhythmias

Iodine is a component of ________ hormone.

thyroid

Iodine deficiency can result in ________.

goiter

Iron is important for oxygen ________.

transport

Iron deficiency can result in ________.

anemia

Zinc is important for skin health, healing, and the ________ response.

immune

Adult maintenance describes a healthy, mature animal that is not growing, pregnant, lactating, or doing substantial ________.

work

A balanced diet produces no net gain or loss of nutrients and maintains metabolic ________.

equilibrium

Feeding an animal as much as it wants at any time is called ________ feeding.

ad libitum / free-choice

A major disadvantage of ad libitum feeding is increased risk of ________.

obesity

Time-restricted meal feeding generally gives an animal access to food for about ________ minutes.

15–20 minutes

The feeding method that gives the owner the greatest control over intake is ________-restricted meal feeding.

food