Anatomy final

anatomy

branch of science dealing with the form and structure of body parts

physiology

the study of body functions

parietal

pertaining to the wall of a cavity

visceral

lines the organs in body cavity

axial

pertaining to head neck and trunk

appendicular

pertaining to the upper or lower limbs

digestion

breaking down of large nutrient molecules into molecules small enough to be absorbed; hydrolysis

metabolism

the combined chemical reactions in cells that use or release energy

negative feedback

a mechanism that restores the level of a biochemical or other balance in the internal environment

homeostasis

dynamic state in which the body's internal environment is maintained in the normal range

what type of muscle if found lining the walls of blood vessels

smooth muscle

The body parts found in the axial portion of the human body.

head, neck, and trunk

Where are the 9 regions of the abdominopelvic region located?

(1,2,3)right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region

(4,5,6)right lateral region, umbilical region, left lateral region

(7,8,9)right inguinal region, pubic region, left inguinal region

order of increasing levels of organization

atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

List all of the cavities in the axial portion of the body,

major ones: dorsal and ventral cavity --these have cavities within them \n dorsal cavity- organs contained on backside of body \n cranial cavity -brain \n vertebral cavity-vertebrae and spinal cord \n ventral cavity-organs on front side of body \n thoracic cavity \n pleural cavity-lungs \n mediastinum- separates right and left lungs. contains heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus \n pericardial-heart \n abdominopelvic cavity lies underneath the diaphragm a dome shaped muscle used for breathing, which separates it from the thoracic cavity \n abdominal cavity-stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, small and large intestines \n pelvic cavity-terminal portion of large intestine urinary bladder, and reproductive organs

Describe the carpal region to the brachial region of the body.

the region of the wrist (carpal) is distal to the brachial region (upper arm)

The brachial region is to the wrist

The brachial region is proximal to the wrist

List the functions of integumentary

body covering

list the function of skeletal system

support and movement

list the function of muscular system

support and movement

list the function of nervous system

integration and coordination

list the function of endocrine system

integration and coordination

list the function of cardiovascular system

transport

list the function of lymphatic system

transport

List the organs found in integumentary

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

list the organs found in skeletal system

bones, cartilage, ligaments

list the organs found in muscular system

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

list the organs found in nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves

list the organs found in endocrine system

glands and hormones

list the organs found in the cardiovascular system

heart, blood vessels, blood

list the organs in the lymphatic system

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymph, thymus gland, spleen

Describe the leg in relation to the thigh.

leg is distal to the thigh

Organs that occupy the pelvic cavity.

terminal portion of large intestine, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs

Describe the leg in relation to the axial portion of the body.

leg is distal to axial portion?

The function of the digestive system.

absorption and excretion

Describe the lower leg in relation to the thigh.

leg is distal to the thigh

visceral pleura

covers lungs

parietal pleura

lines pleural cavity

parietal pericardium

lines the pericardial cavity

parietal peritoneum

lines wall of abdominopelvic cavity

visceral peritoneum

covers all organs within the abdominopelvic cavity

visceral pericardium

covers heart

The name of the dome shape shaped muscle that is used for breathing.

diaphragm

6 directional terms

Anterior/Ventral- toward the front, Posterior/Dorsal- toward the back, Superior- above another part or is closer to the head, Inferior- below another part of is closer to the feet, Proximal- nearest to the trunk of the body, Distal- farthest from the trunk of the body

How do Anterior & Ventral and Posterior & Dorsal differ in 4 legged vs 2 legged creatures?

In humans the terms ventral and dorsal are used interchangeably with the terms anterior and posterior, but in four-legged animals ventral and dorsal are synonymous with inferior and superior, respectively?

Sensing changes taking place inside or outside the body and react to these changes is called?

responsive(one of the 9 characteristics of life)-sensing external and internal changes and reacting to them

What are the requirements to maintain human life?

movement, responsive, growth, reproduction, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion

3 homeostatic mechanisms

receptors, set point, effectors

planes of body

sagittal-divides body into right and left halves \n transverse-any plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions \n coronal: any plane ta divides into anterior and posterior portion

negative versus positive feedback

negative: the deviation from the set point is corrected r moves in the opposite direction

positive feedback

deviation from the set point is not corrected, but increased further in the same direction

anatomical position

standing erect, face forward, with arms at sides with palms forward

What type of feedback mechanism is the hormone oxytocin associated with?

positive feedback: child birth--uterine contractions push baby downward to stretch the cervix. the stretch receptors then send signals to the hypothalamus in brain and this as the control center activates the pituitary gland, this then secretes oxytocin and the response is that oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions

Where would you find smooth muscle?

found in walls of hollow structures (blood vessels, stomach, intestines, bladder and uterus)

what are the characteristics of the tissue found lining respiratory passages?

pseudostratified columnar epithelium so appear stratified but aren't and have many short and tall overlapping cells with nuclei at different levels. they also have cilia and goblet cells

What type of tissue are the tendons and ligaments primarily composed of?

connective tissue

What type of tissue is ideal to exchange substances across?

simple squamous epithelium

4 basic types of tissues

epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue

muscle tissues that can be consciously controlled

skeletal muscle tissue

unconsciously controlled muscle

cardiac muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue

reason cartilage tissues are likely to be slow in healing after injury

have poor blood supply

The non-cellular background material found surrounding the cells of connective tissue.

ground substance

6 types of connective tissue

loose CT, areolar tissue, adipose tissue, reticular CT, dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone, blood

Define the different types of exocrine glands;

merocrine: release secretions by exocytosis \n holocrine: release whole cell to from the secretion \n apocrine: cells lose a part of their cell bodies which forms the secretion

function of areolar connective tissue

forms delicate thin membranes throughout the body

function of adipose connective tissue

cushion, protection, insulation and energy storage

function of reticular CT

reticular CT: provides a 3 dimensional framework in certain organs such as liver and spleen

function of cartilage

support, framework, protection

function of bone as connective tissue

support, protection, framework, attachment for muscles, and RBC production

function of blood as connective tissue

transportation, protection, and regulation

What types of glands secrete their products into the bloodstream?

endocrine glands

These cells that support, bind, and nourish neurons.

nervous tissue

The only connective tissue that does not have a matrix.

adipose tissue

The name of cells in cartilage.

chondrocytes

The type of tissue that is striated, voluntary, and contains multinucleated disks.

skeletal muscle tissue

what are bone cells called

osteocytes

What cartilage cells called and where in cartilage are they located?

chondrocytes located in the small cavity called lacuna.

the matrix of blood

plasma

The tissue found in the lining of the bladder that can stretch.

transitional epithelium tissue

What is the most common type of cell found in connective tissue?

fibroblasts

what category of tissue does blood belong in?

dense connective tissue

What is the central nervous system composed of?

brain and spinal cord

what do macrophage cells do

they carry out phagocytosis

how is cardiac muscle controlled

involuntary--not under conscious control

What type of tissue is the outer layer of the skin composed of?

stratified squamous epithelium

What is the function of neuroglial cells?

support cells

How many nuclei do skeletal muscles have? Cardiac muscle cells?

skeletal: multinucleated, cardiac: single nucleated

What is the protein that accumulates in the outer layer of skin cells?

keratin

what types of tissues produce and secrete substances?

glandular epithelium tissue

List examples of short bones.

"cube like" carpal bones, tarsal bones

Description of osteons:

cylinder shape units that form compact bones

Location of red bone marrow.

located within spaces of spongy bone in epiphysis of long bone

The cell responsible for secreting bone matrix during bone formation.

osteoblasts

A cell completely surrounded by bone matrix is called what?

osteocyte

Define hematopoiesis.

red bone marrows producing blood cells

What is the epiphyseal plate?

growth plate. lies between the primary and secondary ossification center of a long bone

Examples of irregular bones.

vertebrae, facial bones (vary in shape)

The process that produces the bones of the skull.

intramembranous ossification--bone forms directly from fibrous connective tissue membranes

The substance that produces the yellow appearance of yellow bone marrow.

fat cells

What is the function of synovial fluid?

to lubricate the joints and reduce friction