AP Psych Unit 0 - Faitel

semantic encoding

making information meaningful, such as adding context and identifying examples

self-reference effect

tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself

psychology

the scientific study of mental processes and behaviors

empiricism

knowledge from the collection of observable evidence during research

theory

a statement that explains observations

hypothesis

a testable prediction based on a theory

operational definitions

clear, observable descriptions of variables being tested to collect data or statistics

steps of scientific method

develop or refine theory based on research, generate hypothesis, collect and analyze data, reject or confirm or modify theory and summarize data and report findings

scientific attitude composes of

curiosity, skepticism, humility

IRB (institutional review board)

committee responsible for determining risks and benefits of research with human participants, ensures all ethical guidelines are followed

peer reviewer

evaluate insights and if work is original

non experimental methods

case study, correlational study, naturalistic observation, survey, meta analysis

case study

focuses on a small group or individual with a rare or unique condition

case study limits

correlation is not causation, dramatic results can be interpreted incorrectly

naturalistic observation

watching a group in a natural setting without knowing they’re being watched (usually)

naturalistic observation limits

correlation is not causation, results can vary based on another unseen factor

survey

self reported data collected from many participants

survey limitations

correlation is not causation, self report bias, social desirability bias, non response bias

non response bias

reponses of a person who responded to all qs in survey differs from ppl who didnt in a large group

voluntary response bias

only ppl who want to respond respond

social desirability bias

responding in a way that they think will make the surveyor feel happy with them

self report bias

any discrepancy in self reporting one’s data in a survey

r close to 1 data looks like

/

r close to -1 data looks like

\

r close to 1 or -1 there is a ____ correlation b/w 2 factors

strong

r is close to 0 there is a ___ correlation b/w two factors

weak

illusory correlation

perception of a relationship b/w factors where none exists

Dv must be given a clear ____ definition that is a _____

operational, number

higher generalizabity determined by

large random sample w/o bias

which research methods never involve random sampling

correlational study and naturalistic observation

stratified sampling

used to ensure that all population subgroups are proportionately represented, subgroups or strata are identified and random sample is taken from each subgroup

random assignment vs random sampling

random sampling chooses study participants in an unbiased manner

random assignment puts participants from a sample into groups in an unbiased way to equalize groups

random samples do not est

causation

random assignment is unrelated to

generalizability

confounding variables

external factors interfering w/ relationship b/w factors being studied, need to be controlled for

double blind

neither researcher nor pariticipant know who is getting the drug or placebo

descriptive stats

describe the data collected (mean, median mode are measures of central tendency and range and stdev are measures of variation)

inferential stats

use data from a sample to make conclusions or predictions about a larger population

t-test

inferential stat that compares the average of two groups and helps researchers determine whether the difference between these averages are meaningful or occurred due to chance, does not imply causation or generalizability, works in experiments and correlational studies

null hypothesis

predicts there will be no stat significant difference between the results of the exp and control group

alt or experimental hypothesis

predicts there will be a stat signficant difference b/w results and exp and control groups

within-subjects / repeated measures design

one group of participants is tested in control and experimental conditions

between-subjects / independent measures design

two different groups of participants in control and experimental group

reliable and consistency is needed in psych research, along with validity, which is…

they measure what they’re supposed to with accurate results

content validity

how well a test covers all the important aspects of the construct it is supposed to measure

criterion/predictive validity

how well a test accurately forecasts future peformance or behavior related to a concept or idea

contruct validity

how well a test measures the psych concept it is intended to measure

face validity

the degree to which a test appears legitimate

content validity

how well a test covers all the important aspects of the construct it is supposed to measure

criterion/predictive validity

measures how well a test accurately forecasts future performance or behavior related to a concept or idea

p-value

measures probability of seeing our results if the null hypothesis was TRUE

effect size

differences in the dependent variable for the experimental and control group

t-test use in corr studies

used to determine whether a correlation is stat significant (relation is real rather than due to chance) and helps to calculate p value

p<.05 correlation is stat sig, null hyp can be rejected

positive skew

/^\_____

negative skew

____/^\

symmetric distribution

__/^\___

bell curve values

1 sd each side is 68, 2 sd each side is 95, 3 sd each side is 99.7

Industrial organizational psychology

studies how PEOPLE perform in the modern workplace

Human factors psychology

Explores how machines and environments can be optimally designed to fit human abilities

Hindsight bias

I knew it all along phenomenon

humans tend to be ____ and perceive patterns in ___ events

overconfident, random

flow state

fully engaged in something and dont notice passage of time

if two factors are not related r=

0

what is meta analysis

statistical technique used to understand whether treatment is effective across circumstances

meta analysis limitations

need researchers with stat expertise and may mix studies that dont match well

sampling bias

a sample that is too small or nonrandom

random sample

every member of pop has equal chance of being picked

each dot on a scatterplot represents

one data set of two scores for one person

generalizability only results from

representative sampling (large random sample)

effect size

indicates strength of the relationship between or among variables in a non-experimental study or the size of the difference between or among conditions in an experimental study

ethical guidelines

informed consent/assent, telling truth if participants are deceived, use IRB, no cruelty

longitudinal study

one group of participants are studied over a long period of time

cross sectional study

different groups of participants are compared at one time

interleaving

switch b/w topics within a study session

metacognition

the process of thinking about your own thinking and managing how you learn

limitation of experiment

lab results may not be the same in the real world, has lots of requirements

variables that are not controlled in an experiment can become

confounding variables

experimenter bias

when the researcher unexpectedly influences results

4 ethical guidelines

INDC (informed consent, no harm, debriefing after deception or study completion, confidentiality)

test is reliable if it

yields consistent results when repeated

a test is valid if it

measures what it claims to measure

content validity

covers all relevant material

criterion/predictive validity

predicts future performance

construct validity

accurately measures theoretical concept

face validity

appears to measure what it should, at face value

in t-test, what data are compared between experimental and control groups

sample size, mean, stdevs

what 3 conditions are most likely to lead to stat sig results of an experiment

difference b/w 2 groups average score is LARGE, with large sample sizes and when the stdev within each group is small

what does stat sig indicate

stat sig means results are unlikely to be due to chance, not stat sig means results are likely due to chance