Immuno final

The first line of defense used by the immune system are

physical barriers

Which of the following is an antimicrobial susbtance produced by the Immune System?

Lysozyme

How do the Actions of the symbiotic microorganisms of the human microbiota assist the function of the immune system

They secrete substances that create an environment less conducive to pathogens ; they compete for nutrients in the same locations of the body pathogens might grow ; they secrete antimicrobial substances that prevent pathogens from growing.... the answer is all of the above.

a function of the innate immune system is pathogen ...

recognition and destruction

the rise in body temperature that occurs during a fever is caused during a fever is caused by

cytokines

All of the following are considered lymphoid tissue except

microbiota

autoimmune diseases occur when cells of the adaptive immune system are able to recognize ...

self molecules

which immune defense can both tag a pathogen for phagocytosis and create a membrane attack complex to create pores in the pathogen cell membrane

the complement system

which innate immune receptor family is composed of proteins that bind and recognize the pathogen associated molecular patterns such as LPS (lipopolysaccaride)

toll like receptors

Most pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are recognized by PRRs

are molecules common to many pathogen external surfaces

\__________ are most abundant in blood circulation and specialize in engulfing and killing bacterial cells leaving behind a compound known as pus

neutrophils

When the body encounters a novel pathogen, which pathway of complement activation would activate last?

Classical pathway

The three pathways of complement activation first converge at the ....

cleavage of C3

Which pathway relies on C-reactive protein or antibody to initiate complement activation

the classical pathway only

Which member of the complement system is not a part of the membrane attack complex?

C4

Which cells have antigen receptors that are highly specific and can distinguish between different strains of bacteria or viruses?

B and T Lymphocytes

Which molecules have a variable region and one or more constant regions?

T-cell receptors and immunoglobulins

Which of the following can bind to a T-cell receptor?

Peptides bound to MHC Molecules

The B-cell receptor is an ...

Immunoglobulin with transmembrane domains

In which lymphoid organ are B and T cells produced?

Bone Marrow

Which cells would be absent in a mouse that has no thymus?

T-cells

A B-cell culture that is derived from a single B-cell clone will produce...

One antibody that binds to one antigen

During B cell development, negative selection ...

eliminates B-cells that recognize self-antigens

What occurs if the T-cell receptors of a developing T cell cannot recognize self-MHC molecules?

The T-cells undergo apoptosis from a lack of positive selection

Which cells of the body express MHC Class 1 molecules?

All nucleated cells

Which cells of the of the body express MHC Class 2 molecules

Professional antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells)

MHC Class 1 molecules present peptides from \______ the cell to \______ T-cells

inside , CD8

MHC Class 2 molecules present peptides from \______ the cell to \_____ T-cells

outside , CD4

Which cells of the adaptive immune system kill virus-infected cells?

CD8 T-cells

T-Cell receptors rely on the cytosolic domains of \_____ for signaling events

CD3 chains

Which type of cells produce antibodies?

B cells (plasma cells)

Variable regions on immunoglobulins/antibodies are found on \________

both heavy and light chains

Immunological memory consists of

both memory B cells and memory T cells

The genes activated in lymphocytes whose products are important in VDJ recombinase activity are

RAG genes

The process used by activated B cells to change the heavy chain sequence to produce different antibody types is called

Isotype switching

Proper T cells complete their development in the

Thymus

Which cells play an important role in activating genes required for thymocyte development and in their maturation?

Thymic epithelial cells

A thymocyte is called a double negative thymocyte because it is

not expressing CD4 or CD8

Positive and Negative selection results in

Single Positive T Cells

Positive selection promotes the selection of thymocytes that can...

bind to self-MHC molecules with moderate affinity

Negative selection of thymocytes

prevent the release of thymocytes that recognize MHC molecules with high affinity

Failure of negative selection of T cells can lead to

Autoimmune disorders

T-Cells that recognize antigen presented on MHC class I typically are

activated to fight off intracellular pathogens

Which cells play an important role in pathogen clearance by activating other cells during an adaptive immune response?

T Cells

MHC Diversity is generated by

gene families and are genetic polymorphisms

a T-cell that has CD4 as a co-receptor is a ...

helper T cell

which of the following is paried correctly?

CD4 T-cell and MHC Class II

which protein provides a necessary costimulatory activation signal to Naiive T cells?

CD28

Both MHC class I and MHC class II molecules posses promiscuous binding specificity; this type of binding allows a \__________ molecule to bind to a variety of \_______________

MHC ; peptides to present to cells

Peptides generated by the destructio of intracellular cytosolic proteins are presented via \_______ molecules, and peptides derived via phagocytosis and the destruction of the phagolysosome are typically presented via \_______ molecules

MHC Class I ; MHC Class II

All nucleated cells in the body express MHC Class I because they

have the propensity to become infected with a virus

Transporter associated with antigent processing (TAP) carries \________ peptides into the ER where they can interact with \________ molecules

proteasome derived ; MHC class I

MHC class II molecules assembled in the ER bind to \______, which blocks the peptide binding groove and prevents binding of proteasomal peptides.

the invariant chain

In which of the following cases would MHC heterozygosity be detrimental?

Tissue and organ transplants

The three cells types that present antigen to T cells in secondary lymphoid tissues are dendritic cells, macrophages, and .....

B cells

Phagocytes of the innate immune system engulf pathogens at the site of infection and transport them to \______, where antigen presentation occurs.

secondary lymphoid tissue

The most important type of cells in T-cell activation are

dendritic cells

After entering secondary lymphoid tissue, mature dendritic cells express the coreceptor \_____, which is required for costimulation of naive T-cells

B7

Cytotoxic T cells cause the death of infected cells via ....

induction of apoptosis through cytotoxins or expression of Fas ligand

Which statement about effector functions of immunoglobulins is false?

They can trigger T-cell activation through binding to the T-cell receptor

\_____ T cells that aid in the activation and differentiation of B cells and granulocytes

TH2 Helper

The \_______ region of an antibody plays an important role in binding to receptors of certain immune system cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and granulocytes such as mast cells.

Fc

what is required to induce a naive B cell to express soluble antibody?

Antigen binding and cell activation

B cells activated by antigen undergo clonal expansion, during which some of the B cells experience somatic hypermutation. This in turn leads to ...

affinity maturation

Loss of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) activity can limit immunoglobulin repertoire diversity as well as isotype expression, leading to \______ syndrome.

hyper IgM

The first isotypes expressed in Naive B cells are \_____ and \_______

Igm ; IgD

Which of the following is expressed in a soluble form as a pentameric molecule?

IgM

TI-1 antigens can induce a T-independent response by ....

binding to an immunoglobulin and a pattern recognition receptor on the B-cell surface

TI-2 antigens can induce a T-independent response by

binding to multiple immunoglobulin receptors, leading to B-cell clustering

The secondary adaptive immune response to pathogens is faster than the first adaptive immune response due to the presence of

memory cells

The English physician Edward Jenner developed a method of prevention known as vaccination. He discovered that innoculation of individuals with \_______ prevented the disease known as small pox.

cow pox

The Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, the causitive agent of COVID-19, are \______ vaccines

mRNA

Vaccine strategies are designed to

induce a primary response by activating lymphocytes to fight a pathogen without actual infection by the pathogen

The protection of unvaccinated individuals due to a large percentage of the population being vaccinated is know as

Herd Immunity

The Polio vaccince recommended by the CDC in the United States is an Example of an \__________ vaccine and used due to accidental vaccine reversions in the other vaccine type

inactivated

The MMR vaccine is an example of a \______ vaccine

live attenuated

A vaccine that involves coupling a weak antigen with a stronger antigen is known as a \________ vaccine

conjugated

Recombinant vector vaccines involve

a harmless bacterium or virus that is used to express a pathogenic antigen

The incorporation of \_____ into vaccines helps to elicit an inflammatory response

adjuvants

Clinical trials are performed to measure

vaccine safety and effectiveness

Molecules that can specifically trigger a type I hypersensitivity response are known as

allergens

Delayed type reactions caused by the activation of T cells by a foreign , but harmless, antigen are called type \_____ hypersensitivity reactions

IV

Reactions that occur when immunoglobulins stimulate an unwanted response following immune complex formation are called type \________ hypersensitivity reactions

III

Activation of \____________ due to allergen recognition can be a nuisance or even life threatening

eosinophils, basophils and mast cells

\_______ occurs when a persons first exposure to an allergen elicits a primary adaptive response resulting in the activation of allergen-specific helper T cells.

Sensitizing Exposure

Which type of reaction occurs when a small amount of allergen is injected into the skin via an insect bite or sting or as part of testing to diagnose specific allergies?

Wheal and Flare

Skin contact with an allergen can cause all of the following except

rhinitis

A sensitivity to innocuous material driven by the action of IgM and IgG immunoglobulins that recognize chemically active cell-surface molecules, and induce the targeting of cells that are mistakenly identified as foreign is known as

Type II hypersensitivity

IgG can serve as a trigger for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, a mechanism by which an antibody induces destruction of the tagged cell through the action of

NK cells

Hemolytic disease of the newborn is often due to a mismatch of

Rh factors

Testing for tuberculosis in the US is dependent on whihc type of hypersensitivity reaction?

Type IV Hypersensitivity

Donors for tissue transplants can be

aoive or dead

Bone marrow transplants are primarily used to treat

leukemias

Hyperacute rejection of a transplant is due to

previously existing antibodies

Common anti-rejection medicines used by transplant recipients include:

Steroids

Identify 5 different physical or chemical barriers involved in innate immunity

Skin, mucosal membrane, stomach acid, vaginal pH, lysozymeW

What are the three complement pathways and what are the two outcomes they provide?

Pathways: alternative, lectin, classical

Outcomes: tag pathogens for phagocytosis, kill pathogens by forming holes in their cell membranes

Draw an immunoglobulin. Identify 3 different protective actions an antibody provides.

neutralization of soluble particle/pathogen, opsonization, complement activation

Describe how self-tolerance is developed through the interaction of T-cell receptors and MHC molecules. What are the 3 possible outcomes?

Self-tolerance is developed through the interaction of T-cell receptors and MHC molecules by negative selection. During development in the thymus, T-cells whose receptors bind too tightly to a self-MHC-peptide complex, or do not bind at all, are killed. Only T-cells who bind moderately to the self-MHC-peptide complex are allowed to survive.

Outcomes: binds too tightly=death, does not bind at all=death, binds moderately=survives

What are the 5 different immunoglobulin isotypes?

IgM, IgG, IgE, IgD, IgA