CH1

path-

disease

\-ology

study of

anatomy

the study of internal and external body structures and their relationships among other body parts

physiology

the study of how living organisms perform their functions

pathology

the study of disease

gross anatomy

involves examining relatively large structures

organ systems

groups of organs that function together in a coordinated manner

embryology

the study of embryonic development

cytology

the study of the individual structure of individual cells

histology

the examination of tissues

tissues

groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions

signs

an objective disease indication like a fever

symptoms

a subjective disease indication, such as tiredness

organs

are made up of two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions

organ system

a group of organs interacting to perform a particular function

organism

an individual human

homeostasis

the existence of a stable internal environment

homeostatic regulation

the adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis

The two general mechanisms of homeostatic regulation

autoregulation and extrinsic regulation

autoregulation

a process that occurs when a cell, a tissue, an organ, or an organ system adjusts in response to some environmental change

extrinsic regulation

a process that results from the activities of the nervous system or endocrine system

receptor

a sensor that is sensitive to a particular stimulus or environmental change

control center

receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor and sends out commands

effector

a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity either opposes or enhances the stimulus

major organs of the integumentary system

skin, hair, sweat glands, nails

major organs of the skeletal

bones, cartilages, associated ligaments, bone marrow

major organs of the muscular system

skeletal muscles and associated tendons

major organs of the nervous system

brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs

major organs of the endocrine system

pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, endocrine tissues in other systems

major organs of the cardiovascular system

heart, blood, blood vessels

major organs of the lymphatic system

spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils

major organs of the respiratory system

nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli

major organs of the digestive system

teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

major organs of the urinary system

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

major organs of the male reproductive system

testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum

major organs of the female reproductive system

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands

functions of the integumentary system

protects against environmental hazards

helps regulate body temperature

provides sensory information

functions of the skeletal system

provides support and protection for other tissues

stores calcium and other minerals

forms blood cells

functions of the muscular

provides movement

provides protection and support for other tissues

generates heat and maintains body temperature

functions of the nervous system

directs immediate responses to stimuli

coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems

provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions

functions of the endocrine system

directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems

adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body

controls many structural and functional changes during development

functions of the cardiovascular system

distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature

functions of the lymphatic system

defends against infection and disease

returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

functions of the respiratory system

delivers air to alveoli

provides oxygen to bloodstream

removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream

produces sounds for communication

functions of the digestive system

processes and digests food

absorbs and conserves water

absorbs nutrients

stores energy reserves

functions of the urinary system

excretes waste products from the blood

controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced

stores urine prior to voluntary elimination

regulates blood ion concentration and pH

functions of the male reproductive system

produces mall sex cells, seminal fluids, and hormones

sexual intercourse

functions of the female reproductive system

produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones

supports developing embryo from conception to delivery

provides milk to nourish newborn infant

sexual intercourse

negative feedback

a corrective mechanism that opposes or regulates a variation from normal limits

positive feedback

a mechanism that increases a deviation from normal limits after an initial stimulus

state of equilibrium

when opposing processes or forces are in balance

anatomical position

hands are at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the feet together

anterior

front

posterior

back

frontal

forehead

nasal

nose

ocular

eye

otic

ear

buccal

cheek

cervical

neck

thoracic

chest

mammary

breast

abdominal

abdomen

umbilical

navel

pelvic

pelvis

manual

hand

inguinal

groin

public

pubis

femoral

thigh

pedal

foot

cephalic

head

cranial

skull

facial

face

oral

mouth

mental

chin

axillary

armpit

brachial

arm

antecubital

front of elbow

antebrachial

forearm

carpal

wrist

palmar

palm

pollex

thumb

digits

fingers

patellar

kneecap

crural

leg

tarsal

ankle

hallux

great toe

acromial

shoulder

dorsal

back

olecranal

back of elbow

lumbar

loin

gluteal

buttock

popliteal

back of knee

sural

calf

calcaneal

heel of foot

plantar

sole of foot

supine

lying down face up

prone

lying down face down

ventral

refers to the belly

proximal

towards the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk