CTR Topic 5-7 (Canvas MCQ and Short ANS)

What is the ion responsible for release of stored neurotransmitter at the axon terminal?

calcium

What type of gated channel binds to the neurotransmitter and is on the post-synaptic membrane?

Receptor-mediated

The release of neurotransmitter is an example of which transport mechanism?

exocytosis

3 multiple choice options

What determines how much neurotransmitter is released at the axon terminal?

The frequency of the action potentials

3 multiple choice options

Where are inhibitory synapses normally located on a neuron?

Cell body

What sort of neural circuit would be involved in breathing?

Reverberating

Where are the acetylcholine (ACh) receptors located in the neuromuscular junction?

Sarcolemma

What sort of neural circuit would be involved during exercise?

Converging circuit

What will happen if acetylcholine-esterase is not present in the synapse?

The muscle will remain contracted

3 multiple choice options

What happens to acetylcholine (ACh) in the presence of acetylcholine-esterase?

It gets broken down to acetic acid and choline and reabsorbed by the presynaptic terminal

3 multiple choice options

Airways usually have a preponderance of β 2 receptors, and the heart β 1 receptors, and many blood vessels have α - receptors. These all bind to noradrenaline. During an acute asthma attack, the sufferer is likely to benefit most from a _________.

β 2 agonist

2 multiple choice options

An agent that is introduced to bind to cell receptors and elicit a response (i.e. to activate receptors) is a/an ______________.

agonist

An external agent that is introduced into the body and binds to a cell receptor to prevent it from responding is a/an

antagonist

Antidiuretic hormone is otherwise known as

vasopressin

Any molecule that binds to a cell receptor is known as a _____________.

Ligand

If glucagon acting alone can maximally increase blood sugar to 100 mg/ml, and adrenaline alone increased blood sugar to 50 mg/ml, but in combination these hormones increased blood sugar to 180 mg/ml, these two hormone are said to be ____:

synergistic

3 multiple choice options

Only one of these endocrine organs is derived from neural tissue and releases catecholamines upon sympathetic nervous system (SNS) stimulation.

adrenal medulla

3 multiple choice options

These compounds are not proteins but derived from fatty acids, are involved in the inflammatory response, and their action is inhibited by aspirin; they also contribute to generation of a fever. What are they?

prostaglandins

What does the term catecholamines include?

both adrenaline and noradrenaline are correct

3 multiple choice options

Which hormone would bind to receptors in the cell or in the nuclei of a cell to affect DNA expression?

any steroid

Which of the following is not considered an endocrine gland?

Salivary gland

3 multiple choice options

A humoral response describes which of the following?

Hormone release caused by altered levels of ions or nutrients

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following is the correct term for when a hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being present?

Permissiveness

Describe how graded potentials, also known as subthreshold potentials are produced

Synapse releases a small amount of neurotransmitter to stimulate a depolarisation

3 methods to remove neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft:

reuptake, degradation, diffusion

neural and endocrine signal similarity

both result in a cellular response

synergistic effects

more than one hormone with similar effects produce a effect greater together than their individual effects

How is hormonal signal termination achieved?

Inactivation by enzymes, degradation by liver, and excretion via the kidneys

cytokines

Hormones associated with immune system

cytokines function

cell growth, differentiation, death

hormone

Molecules secreted by endocrine glands in small amounts that bind to cells to produce an affect

beta agonist causes...

smooth muscle relaxation

vascular tone

partial constriction on the blood vessels