nr22 unit 4 health promotion and risks for the newborn and infant (3/5)

Flashcards covering newborn and infant growth, nutrition, language development, psychosocial stages, and safety based on the lecture material.

What is the age range of the neonatal period?

From birth to 28 days of life.

What is the primary task of the newborn during the neonatal period?

Stabilization of body systems.

What factor largely influences a newborn's behavior?

Contact with caregivers and the environment.

What is the average length of a newborn in centimeters?

$$48-53\,cm$$

What is the average length of a newborn in inches?

$$19-21\,\text{inches}$$

What is the average weight of a newborn in grams?

$$2700-4000\,g$$

What is the average weight of a newborn in pounds?

$$6-9\,\text{pounds}$$

What is the average head circumference of a newborn in centimeters?

$$33-35\,cm$$

What is the average head circumference of a newborn in inches?

$$13-14\,\text{inches}$$

How much birth weight can a newborn commonly lose during the first few days of life?

Up to $10\%$ of its birth weight.

What are the four causes of newborn weight loss in the first few days of life?

Fluid loss through respiration, urination, and defecation, and low fluid intake.

By what age should a newborn regain their birth weight?

By 2 weeks of age.

What are the common behaviors of a normal newborn?

Crying, sucking, sleeping, and periods of reactivity.

What should be the characteristics of a newborn's physical movement?

Sporadic but symmetrical, involving all four extremities.

What is a newborn's primary means of communication?

Crying.

How is neonatal stimulation best achieved by caregivers?

Talking to the newborn and holding the newborn face-to-face.

In which two directions does infant growth typically occur?

Cephalocaudal and proximodistal.

What is the AAP recommendation for breastfeeding in the first 6 months?

Exclusive breastfeeding.

At what age should solid foods be introduced to an infant?

Starting at 6 months of age.

According to Meek & Noble (2022), what should be used if a mother choose not to breastfeed during the first year?

Commercially-prepared, iron-fortified infant formula.

At what age can an infant be switched to whole cow’s milk?

Age 1 year.

What specific food is recommended by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020-2025 as a first introduction?

Iron-fortified rice cereal.

How should complementary foods like fruits and vegetables be introduced?

One at a time for a several-day trial.

True or False: Eating the whole fruit is preferred to fruit juice consumption for infants.

True.

When is the earliest fruit juice should be introduced to an infant?

Not before 12 months of age.

What is the daily limit for fruit juice consumption for infants after 12 months?

$$4\,\text{ounces}$$

What is the language progression for infants before they imitate sounds?

Infants move from crying to cooing and laughing.

What language milestones occur by 12 months of age regarding word recognition and speech?

The infant can recognize their name, say $3-5$ words, and understand almost 100 words.

How is infant play described?

Solitary and exploratory.

What is Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development for infants?

Trust versus mistrust.

According to Erikson, how does an infant develop trust?

When needs are met, such as feeding and stimulation.

What causes mistrust in Erikson’s stage of infant development?

Failure to learn delayed gratification or too much frustration as needs are not met.

What is Piaget’s stage of cognitive development for infants?

Sensorimotor.

What cognitive concept should be achieved by the end of the first year of life?

Object permanence.

According to Swanson (n.d.), when does separation anxiety emerge?

When the infant understands object permanence.

At what age does separation anxiety commonly appear?

9 months.

What is a major contraindication for receiving a vaccination involving a fever?

Severe febrile illness (note that minor illness is not a contraindication).

Why can’t immunocompromised children receive certain vaccines?

Because they cannot receive live virus vaccines.

What are common local side effects expected after a vaccine injection?

Localized tenderness, redness, and swelling at the injection site.

What are common systemic side effects expected after a vaccine injection?

Low-grade fever and irritability.

How is infant mortality defined?

The death of an infant before their first birthday.

What was the US infant mortality rate in 2025 according to the National Center for Health Statistics?

$5.47$ deaths per $1,000$ live births.

What are the leading causes of infant death mentioned by the CDC (2024)?

Birth defects, preterm birth, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), unintentional injuries, and maternal pregnancy complications.

What is the acronym SAFE PAD used for?

Remembering common infant injuries, risk factors, and safety precautions.

What is the best preventive strategy for infant death from motor vehicle accidents?

Proper use of an infant car seat.

What does the LATCH system stand for in car seat safety?

Lower anchors and tethers for children.

How should a car seat be secured if a LATCH system is not available?

Use the safety restraint (seat belt).

When during development can object permanence and separation anxiety first appear in some infants?

$$4-5\,\text{months}$$

Which foods are recommended for families to promote from ages 6 through 23 months?

Infant cereals, proteins, fruits, vegetables, grains, yogurts, and cheeses.

What determines the progression of infant behavior during the first year of life?

Progressive brain development.