Forensic Test

what is forensic science?

application of medical knowledge to investigation of crime, particularly in establishing causes of injury or death

what are opioids? (downers)

analgesic and central nervous system depressant effects; euphoria or a sense of well-being

what are stimulants? (uppers)

increase mental alertness and focus; enhance physical energy; cause excitation by influencing brain chemicals; euphoria

what are amphetamines?

amphetamines and other stimulants have an analgesic effect in their own right and significantly enhance the analgesic effects of opioids

TRUE OR FALSE?
amphetamines are NOT a beneficial alternative to pure opioids

FALSE
amphetamines ARE a beneficial alternative to pure opioids

what does a forensic pathologist do?

determines cod and identifies corpse

what does a forensic nurse do?

trained to treat trauma patients (assaulted), testify in court, take blood and tissue samples, collect evidence, photograph and measure wounds

what are the four causes of traumatic death?

mechanical, thermal, electrical, chemical

what are the four manners of death?

natural, accidental, suicidal, homicidal

what's the importance of determining the cause of death (cod)?

helps determine why death occurred; autopsies, making determinations based on evidence (medical examiner), moves on to court cases and judicial hearings

what does a forensic toxicologist do?

examines drugs, poison cases, and deaths; looks at blood, urine, hair, and other body fluids

what does a forensic odontologist do?

examines and x-rays teeth to compare with deceased examinations made by local dentist, helps confirm identity

what does a forensic anthropologist do?

extreme cases where only skeleton is found; helps determine sex, age, and race of deceased by reconstructing parts to help with identification

what is forensic taphonomy?

concerned with study of decomposition of human remains, particularly in context of burial sites

what does a forensic entomologist do?

determines approximate postmortem interval based on type and stage of insect larvae present

what does the identification of blood, blood stains, biological fluids and stains do?

helps to identify offender as well as piece together sequence of events that occurred

what are the techniques of DNA analysis?

restriction fragment length polymorphism (analyze length of strands of DNA that include repeated base pairs), y-marker analysis (ID DNA from different males), mDNA (using DNA from mitochondrion)

what do forensic psychologists and psychiatrists do?

evaluate accused perpetrator; identify behavioral profiles of victim(s) and/or suspect(s); testify in court; provide sentencing and treatment recommendations; translate psychological framework into legal framework; help with jury selection; trained in clinical, social, and organizational branches

TRUE OR FALSE?
blood is the most common, and perhaps most important, form of evidence in criminal justice today

TRUE
it appears more often than semen

what are the first three observations at a crime scene?

victim's body, blood, blood spatter

what year was forensic nursing formally accepted as a discipline by the American Academy of Forensic Sciences?

1991

according to the model of forensic nursing, what are the three sources for the knowledge base of forensic nursing?

nursing science, forensic science, criminal justice

forensic pathologists are employed primarily by \________?

counties

what is the first determination that must be made when investigating a death?

if jurisdiction exists to investigate death

jurisdiction of coroner/medical examiner to investigate deaths generally can be categorized as including deaths of what type?

sudden or unexpected

attending scene of death by forensic pathologist is most helpful in \_________?

every case

what is the medical term for the stiffening of the body due to postmortem depletion of glycogen?

rigor mortis

drug screens are usually performed on what types of specimen during autopsy?

urine

in a blast injury which of the following organs is the least vulnerable to the blast wave?
a. g.i. tract
b. lungs
c. liver
d. ear drum

c. liver

"Run-Amok" is caused by?
a. cannabis
b. cocaine
c. heroine
d. hyoscine

a. cannabis

punctured wounds have?
a. clean cut edges
b. breadth more than length
c. length more than breadth and depth
d. depth more than length and breadth

d. depth more than length and breadth

which of the following is not a feature of high voltage electrical injury?
a. cardiac arrythmias
b. fractures and dislocations
c. muscle injuries
d. occlusion of major vessels

d. occlusion of major vessels

leading questions are allowed in?
a. examination in chief
b. cross examination
c. re-examination
d. all of the above

b. cross examination

"localized depressed fractures with impact" are caused by blows from?
a. light weapon with small striking surface
b. light weapon with large striking surface
c. heavy weapon with small striking surface
d. heavy weapon with large striking surface

c. heavy weapon with small striking surface

antemortem drowning can be caused by?
a. cutis anserina
b. cyclops in the stomach
c. cyclops in the lungs
d. weeds and grass in hands

d. weeds and grass in hands

an in quest for "death in custody" is done by?
a. medical examiner
b. lawyer
c. police superintendent
d. magistrate

d. magistrate

in routine cases of deaths due to poisoning, the viscera for chemical examination are preserved in?
a. formalin
b. rectified spirit
c. saturated solution of common salt
d. none of the above

b. rectified spirit

anteroposterior compression fractures of hyoid is seen in?
a. burking
b. hanging
c. throttling
d. smothering

b. hanging

the commonest type of insanity in homicidal crimes is?
a. depressive illness
b. delirium tremens
c. senile dementia
d. schizophrenia

b. delirium tremens

in rape of a virgin, the semilunar hymen usually ruptures?
a. midline posteriorly
b. anteriorly
c. on one side
d. on both sides

a. midline posteriorly

first permanent molar tooth erupts at age?
a. 4 years of age
b. 6 years of age
c. 8 years of age
d. 12 years of age

b. 6 years of age

Rule of Hasse is used for?
a. determination of sex
b. estimation of age
c. estimation of gestational age
d. estimation of height

c. estimation of gestational age

in bullet injuries, maximum tissue injury depends on?
a. distance of bullet
b. velocity of bullet
c. shape of bullet
d. size of bullet

b. velocity of bullet

asphyxial death with black colored mucosa of stomach is seen in poisoning with?
a. carbonmonoxide
b. cyanide
c. carboxyhemoglobin
d. methemoglobin

b. cyanide

the age of eruption of first deciduous molar teeth is?
a. 6-8 months of age
b. 7-9 months of age
c. 12-14 months of age
d. 20-30 months of age

c. 12-14 months of age

oral evidence is more important than documentary evidence because?
a. documentary evidence can be destroyed
b. documentary evidence can be transferred
c. oral evidence allows cross examination
d. none of the above

c. oral evidence allows cross examination

a boy with 20 permanent teeth and 8 temporary teeth would be?
a. 9 years old
b. 10 years old
c. 11 years old
d. 12 years old

c. 11 years old

all of the following are types of strangulation except?
a. bansidola
b. garotting
c. lynching
d. mugging

c. lynching

among the secondary changes in tooth, the most useful one for age determination is?
a. attrition
b. secondary dentine deposition
c. root resorption
d. root transparency

d. root transparency

in normal conditions of temperature and atmosphere, the rate of cooling of dead body is?
a. 1.0 F/hour
b. 1.5 F/hour
c. 2.0 F/hour
d. 2.5 F/hour

b. 1.5 F/hour

asphyxial death \_________?
a. neck
b. thorax

a. neck

sex can be established by examining hair root cells for the presence of?
a. davidson body
b. barr body
c. golgi body
d. medullary index

b. barr body

semen stains on clothes can be identified by?
a. infrared rays
b. magnifying lens
c. spectrometry
d. ultraviolet rays

d. ultraviolet rays

all of the following are seen in antemortem burns except?
a. vesicle with air
b. puss formation
c. inflammatory red line
d. vesicle with hyperemic base

a. vesicle with air

the species origin of blood can be identified by?
a. benzidine test
b. takayama test
c. spectroscopy test
d. precipitin test

d. precipitin test

postmortem rigidity first starts in?
a. eyelids
b. neck
c. upper limbs
d. lower limbs

a. eyelids

exit wounds are not a feature of shot gun injuries other than in?
a. contact situations
b. near contact situations
c. distant situation
d. all of the above

b. near contact situations

choking is seen in?
a. revolver
b. pistol
c. shotgun
d. sports rifle

c. shotgun

which of the following is a rave drug?
a. cannabis
b. cocaine
c. heroine
d. ecstacy

d. ecstacy

last organ to be dissected in autopsy in asphyxia death?
a. head
b. neck
c. thorax
d. abdomen

b. neck

in case of death due to burn injury, which of the following statements is correct?
a. red line of demarcation around vesicle is always absent
b. red line of demarcation around vesicle is always present
c. red line of demarcation disappears soon after death
d. red line of demarcation if formed persists even after death

b. red line of demarcation around vesicle is always present

most reliable method of age estimtaion after 21 year of age?
a. cementum opposition
b. root resorption
c. transparency of root
d. none of the above

c. transparency of root

hemodialysis is very effective in treating poisoning due to?
a. amphetamine
b. barbiturates
c. cocaine
d.opium

b. barbiturates

for calculating time since death, which of the following factors is most reliable?
a. cooling of body
b. eye changes
c. rigor mortis
d. postmortem staining

c. rigor mortis

best method for age determination in 20-50 years age group is from?
a. skull
b. sternum
c. ribs
d. pubic symphysis

d. pubic symphysis

death in custody refers to
a. death of person in police station
b. death of person at site of crime by police officer
c. death of person in police station or death in hospital following transfer from police station
d. all of the above

d. all of the above

a post-mortal nasal swab is useful in death to?
a. hanging
b. drowning
c. angioneurotic oedema
d. cocaine poisoning

b. drowning

true statement regarding postmortem staining is?
a. present all over body
b. seen only in internal organs
c. seen in pressure points
d. seen only on dependent parts

d. seen only on dependent parts

in india, rigor mortis sets in?
a. immediately
b. 1-2 hours
c. within 6 hours
d. within 12 hours

b. 1-2 hours

the onset of rigor mortis is delayed in all of the following except?
a. pneumonia
b. poliomyelitis
c. strychnine poisoning
d. none of the above

c. strychnine poisoning

a dead body is found to have marks like branching tree on front of chest; most likely cause of death could be due to?
a. firearm
b. lightning
c. injuries due to bomb blast
d. road traffic accident

b. lightning

gunshot residue on hands can be detected by?
a. phenolphthalein test
b. dermal nitrate test
c. benzidine test
d. hydrogen activation analysis

b. dermal nitrate test

which of following is most reliable method of estimating blood alcohol level?
a. cavett's test
b. breath alcohol analyzer
c. gas liquid chromatography
d. thin layer chromatography

c. gas liquid chromatography

which of the following tests is used to detect semen?
a. phenolpthalein test
b. reine's test
c. barberio's test
d. paraffin test

c. barberio's test

scab or crust of abrasion appears brown?
a. between 12-24 hours
b. between 2-3 days
c. between 4-5 days
d. between 5-7 days

b. between 2-3 days

when a group of muscles in dead body where in state of strong contraction immediately prior to death and remains so even after death, the condition is termed as?
a. gas stiffening
b. rigor mortis
c. cadaveric spasm
d. cold stiffening

c. cadaveric spasm

ideal place to record temperature in dead body is from?
a. axilla
b. groin
c. rectum
d. mouth

c. rectum

the phenomenon of suspended animation can be seen in?
a. throttling
b. drowning
c. strangulation
d. brain hemorrhage

b. drowning

species identification is done by?
a. Neutron Activation Analysis (N.A.A.)
b. pricipitin test
c. benzidine test
d. spectroscopy

b. pricipitin test

Rule of Hasse is used to determine?
a. age of fetus
b. height of adult
c. race of person
d. identification

a. age of fetus

most reliable method of identification of individual is?
a. dactylography
b. scars
c. anthropometry
d. handwriting

a. dactylography

most reliable criteria in Gustafson's method of identification is?
a. cementum apposition
b. transparency of root
c. attrition
d. root resorption

b. transparency of root

how many bullets are fired in Tandem bullets?
a. 1 bullet
b. 2 bullets
c. 3 bullets
d. none of the above

2 bullets

Forensic Toxicology

examination of all aspects of toxicology (the study of drugs and poisons that may have legal implications)

Postmortem Drug Testing

examination performed on blood, urine, and/or body tissues to determine if drugs were a contributing factor in a death

Contraband

in forensic toxicology and drug testing facilities refers to suspected controlled

Vitreous Humor

ocular fluid (fluid in the eye) that is often utilized as a sample for testing in postmortem toxicology

Workplace Drug Testing

examination performed on primary blood and urine from employees or job applicants for drug content

NIDA

national institute of drug abuse

Accuracy

ability of a measurement to match the value of the quantity measured; correctness

Amphetamine

controlled substance along with its analogs , such as methamphetamine that creates a state of wakefulness, euphoria, and excitatory condition (stimulation)

Hallucinogen

psychoactive drug that induces hallucinations or alters sensory experiences

Narcotic

addictive substance that reduces pains, alters mood and behavior, and usually induces sleep or stupor

Cannabinoids

term applied to marijuana and parts of the plant cannabis sativa in which tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active agent

Phencyclidine

PCP; drug originally developed as a surgical anesthetic that was discontinued due to adverse patients reactions; abusers of the drug often experience severe psychiatric manifestations

Cyanide

CN; highly toxic chemical especially in the form of gas (hydrogen cyanine)

Chain of Custody

documented process the evidence goes through from the point of gathering to the final presentation in the court; intended to assure that there has been no tampering or altering the evidence

Gas Chromatography

gas flowing through a coated tube separates compounds by their size, weight, and chemical reactivity with the coating of the tube or column

Immunoassays

tests utilizing antibodies that react with the drug or substance that recognizes the antibody

Fluorescence

property of a product producing light when acted upon by radiant energy