Protein Synthesis, Mutations and DNA Technology Biology

Is it double or single stranded, what are the nitrigen bases, and what is the sugar for DNA and RNA:

DNA: Double stranded, includes thymine, and the sugar is deoxryibose

RNA: Single stranded, does not include thymine but has uracil instead, and the sugar is a ribose

Name the 3 types of RNA and explain their functions:

mRNA(messenger RNA): Takes code used to make a protein, from the nucleus to the ribosome

tRNA(transfer RNA): Transports amino acids

rRNA: Makes the ribosomes where the protein will be made

What elements are protein made of, what are their functions, and the monomer of protein?

Protein is made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Proteins transport molecules in and out of the cell, contribute to muscle movement, and they can help speed up reactions

The monomer of a protein is an aDmino acid

Dipeptide:

2 amino acids held together by a peptide bond

Polypeptide:

MORE THAN 2 amino acids held together by peptide bonds

REMEMBER:

An anti-codon will be located at the BOTTOM of tRNA and an amino acid will be ON TOP of the tRNA.

ONE AMINO ACID is just and AMINO ACID. If there is a CHAIN of amino acid, it is now a PROTEIN.

Describe everything that happens in the FIRST phase of protein synthesis(TRANSCRIPTION):

• A copy of mRNA is made from DNA

• TAKES PLACE IN THE NUCLEUS

• First, the DNA untwists

• Second, the DNA separates

• Third, free floating RNA nucleotides pair with complementary DNA nucleotides

• The product of transcription is an mRNA strand and it goes into the cytoplasm

Describe everything that happens in the SECOND phase of protein synthesis(TRANSLATION):

• The mRNA strand converts into a strand of amino acids to form a protein

• TAKES PLACE IN THE RIBOSOME

• First, the mRNA attaches to the ribosome

• Second, the tRNA anti-codons pair with mRNA

• Amino acids are joined together by PEPTIDE BONDS to form a protein

Codon v. Anti-Codon:

Codon: 3 nitrogen bases on DNA or RNA

Anti-Codon: 3 nitrogen bases on tRNA

Substitution or point mutation:

Change in a SINGLE base pair

Frameshift Mutation:

Addition or deletion of a single base pair(causes the whole strand to shift)

Which codon starts a protein and what is the amino acid for it?

AUG, Met

Human Genome Project:

The goal is to identify and treat diseases and disorders.

Selective breeding or artificial selection:

Process by which humans breed other animals and plants for certain traits.

Gene Therapy:

Putting a working gene into a person that has that gene but doesn’t work so the gene can treat or cure a disease.

Generic engineering:

Taking DNA from one organism and putting into another organism so they can have the trait.

GMOs:

An organism with DNA from another organism.

DNA Fingerprinting:

A pattern of DNA that can be used to identify someone.

Plasmid:

A circular piece of DNA found in a bacteria cell

What are the steps of Gel Electrophoresis?

• Restriction enzymes cut DNA into smaller pieces

• DNA is loaded into a DNA gel(smaller pieces move quickly towards the bottom while bigger pieces move slower and stay on top)