apush ultimate review

bering land bridge

native american (first people’s) ancestors crossed the bridge from eurasia; submerged becoming bering strait

taino people

Columbus 1st interaction; on san salvador

bacon’s rebellion

revolt by nathanial bacon revolted against general william berkeley bc he wanted to push antive americans out of VA; berkeley wanted trade relation with them

ended us participation in the slave trade by

01/01/1805; by criticism in the north

encomienda system

spanish system of enslavement in return for christianity (sugar harvesting and silver mining)

Virginia Company

joint-stock company that founded the first english settlement Jameston (1607); led by John Smith)

Bartolomé de las Casas

spanish priest who advocated for native american rights and against slavery; against conquistadors

mission system

spanish system of spreading catholicism and their colonial empire in the new world (esp across Florida and California)

Juan de Oñate

spanish explorer who spread catholocism with violence; established New Mexico for Spain

maroon people

african descendants who escaped enslavement in the Americas and Jamaica

john rolfe

pioneered growing tobacco (cash crop for england); helped jamestown survive

headright system (1618)

virginia co offered land (around 50 acres) to potential settlers for new settlers and for more labor

house of burgesses (1619)

land-owning white men can vote; must be approved by VA CO.

coureurs de bois “wood runner”

developed fur trade; sold brandy to first nations (french built relationships with first nations against british)

william bradford

led pilgrims; signed mayflower compact

mayflower compact

established self-governance in the pilgrims; signed by male pilgrims; established order/unity within pilgrims

john winthrop

first governor in Massachusetts Bay Company; main force behind great puritian migration (move for religious freedom from england to america)

separatist vs. congregationalists

congregationalists: self-governance within broader church context

separatists: full separation from established churches

roger williams

salem bay minister who was banished from mass bay co; moved to rhode island (allowed for free exercise of religion//taught separate chuch and state)

anne hutchinson

salvation from accepting jesus (not good works); became one of the founders of portsmouth RI

mercantilism

maximize exports and minimize imports

navigation acts (1651-1673)

prohibited colonies from manufacturing goods that English already made

wool act of 1699

prevented colonists from exporting wool or importing wool from other brit colonies

molasses act of 1733

another act not followed by new englanders; taxed imported suagr from west indies (rebellion against the crown)

proprietorships:

early colonies owned by one person (received as a gift from a king); like Maryland which was given to Cecilius Calvert (Lord Baltimore)

act of tolerance 1649

protected religous freedoms (but led to civil war)

charles II

fought against dutch and got new netherlands (in ny); James (king’s brother) called it New York

William Penn

quaker who received Penn from the king; liberal policies around religious freedom and civil liberties (tried to treat Native Americans better)

James Oglethorpe

founded Georgia in 1732; intially banned slavery but then wanted their neighborhoods ‘economic advantages’

new england society

focused on trade (esp B-Town); subsistence farming; big puritans

middle colonies (NY, NJ, and Penn) society

better land so more farming

carolinas’ society

slavery on plantations but many subsistence farmers; cash crops (tobacco); mostly rural

cheaspeake colonies

slavery and cash crops; major cities; mix of middle colonies and carolinas

bacon’s rebellion (1676)

nathaniel bacon raises milita against sir william berkeley bc they wanted to attack native american tribes

stono uprising 1739

1st and one of the most successful slave rebellions; SC slaves took weapons and fleed to Florida hoping Spanish people would give them freedom (eventually caught); led to more restrictions for enslaved people and fear around rebellions (witch hunt in NY)

halfway covenant (1662)

2nd/3rd gen puritans less enthused (scared that commericalism is leading to this); say that they can be halfway baptized without spiritual experience

great awakening 1730s-40s

religious revival; johnathan “johnny” edwards and george “jorge” whitefield; response to enlightenment (emotions over rationalism)

Pontiac’s rebellions

Ottawa war chief led uprising of Ohio Valley tribes against English after they gained more territory; Paxton boys (scotmen) led revenge murders of Susquehannok tribe

albany plan of union

ben frank’s join or die; intercolonial system (potenially with iroquois) which collect taxes for defense; colonies didn’t want taxes or united legislature = didn’t work

James “Jamey boy” Otis

wrote pamplet against taxes (colonial POV); “no tax w/o rep”; wanted right to determine their own taxes

Townshend Acts

first tax on directly imported goods; created office to enforce crown rule in colonies; vitriol from colonies

quartering act of 1765

brit troops stationed in us; colonist responsible for them

first continental congress

all colonies except for georgia; boycotted brit goods until needs met; continental assoc with towns to enforce boycott

second contin. congress

preparing for war; G DUH DUB as leader; made army, money and govt. office; last-ditch before war

thomas paine

pub declaration; common sense (pamplet for independence)

battle of yorktown

end of rev war; cornwallis surrendered to GW; treaty of paris gave us independence/rights

articles of confederation (1777)

sent to colonies by continental congress; 1st constitution (w/o centralized govt bc of fears of tyranny); no fed govt power and needed unanimous approval to change articles + 9/13 votes from each colony to pass a law

annapolis convention

led by hamilton bc of fear that w/o a uniform fed govt policy, the republic would not survive

constitutional convention

all states by RI met in Philly to revise articles; new jersey plan (equal rep from each state and modifications of articles); virginia plan (james madison; checks and balances; rep # based on population);

the great compromise (mix of va and nj plan)

bicameral legislature; house of reps elected by the people; pres/veep by electoral college; checks and balances + 3 branches of govt; 3/5ths comp

federalist papers

hamilton, madison, and john jay; argued for constitution; published in NY newspaper (sway NY opinion); led to constitution (+ bill of rights)

national bank debate

hamilton: bank went with implied power of the constitution

jefferson and madision: bank is not nescessary and went beyond the constitution’s powers

shays rebellion

interserrection by farmers who were against the growing taxes; quelled by GW

whiskey rebellion

hamilton’s tax on whiskey sparks rebellion in western pennsylvania farmers; washington sends militia

jay’s treaty 1794

jay oversaw the withdraw of brit from the northwest territory which prevented war with GB (but seen as too many concessions); GW loss

pinckney’s treaty 1796

thomas pinckney negotiates with spain over mississippi river, markets, and spanish forts in the US; spain said that they would prevent NA attacks; GW win

private virtue//republican motherhood

inspire men to be good citizens and people through romance and motherhood; only entertain men that are good people (incentive for men to be good people)

raise good citizens

alien and sedition acts

adams presidency; can expel immigrants and jail journalists for sedition; aimed at destroying dem-rep support from french immigrants; violation of first amendment (free speech)

midnight appointments

adams, before seceding the office to jefferson, filled federal offices with as much federalists as possible

marbury v. madison

marbury (adam’s appointee) sues james madison for not approving his job; established judicial review

judicial review//judicial act of 1789

supreme court could appoint federal officials (but marshall said it gave them too much power)

embargo act of 1807

shut down us import/exports; NE states opposed and dem rep support decreases

non-intercourse act of 1809

trade with nations again but not france and britain

macon’s bill no. 2

trade again with Britain and France unless they interfere with US trade

Tecumseh

unified tribes to stop US expansion (war of 1812)

Treaty of Ghent

ended war; so did battle of NOLA by Andrew Jackson

James Monroe

era of good feelings (only one political party//unity); cheif justice marshall creates strong fed govt; ended by panic of 1819

corrupt bargain 1824

Jackson v. adams; Clay becomes adam’s cabinent after voting for him

spoils system

electing people who support you//jobs for political favors

indian removal act

jackson removes native people; cherokees win in SC case but jackson forces them to OK in trail of tears

tariff of 1828//tariff of abominations

Jackson’s VP argues anonymously that states could nullify the law

whig party

those who opposed dem-rep (abolitionists, plantation owners, and western pioneers); govt activism in social issues (support manufacturing, anti-immigrants)

panic of 1837

under van buren; VB tried hard currency—didn’t work

natl road and erie canal

helped east/west transport; helped marketing rev and transport rev

adams-onis treaty

bought Flo_Rida from espange

Willamette Valley

area in oregon which settlers travellled to (oregon trailers); split with NA, Russians, British and Americans (polk ends with treaty with Brits)

elizabeth cady stanton and lucretia motts

held 1st us women’s rights convention in Seneca Falls NY

horace mann

pushed for public education reform through standardizing books/teacher training; lengthing school year

mccolloch v. maryland

federal law trumps state law

impressement

capturing american people to serve in brit navy

american system

protective tariffs for us goods; internal improvements; bank of the us

tallmadge amendment

missouri as free state; lead to comp of 1820//missouri comp (36’30 line)

market rev

north, south, and west linking together by advancements in industry/agriculture/communication/transport (cotton gin and spinning machine and interchangeable parts)

american system of manufacturing

water powered machines that divided the labor into simple tasks by unskilled laborers

tenement livings

immigrants; bad living, full of culture

cult of domesticity

separate spheres for women (life revolves around home)

force bill (jackson)

pres can used fed troops to enforce federal law

treaty of new echota

non-offical cherokee people exchange land for reservation west of mississippi

transcendentalism

power/beauty of nature; thoreau and emerson; support acitivism; hudson river school; utopian communties (onieda community)

second great awakening

camp meetings in the woods; evagelical; charles finney; moral reform of society

the liberator

william llyod garrison; white people must end slavery with non-violence; creates american anti-slavery society

declaration of sentiments

based on constitution; seneca falls convention (women’s rights)

nat turner’s rebellion

religious-led rebellions

yeoman farmers

most of southern farmers; poor independent landowners

machines that were replacing human work

mechanical reaper and combine harvester

natl grande movement 1868

farmers collective

granger laws

regulate train rates and interstate commerce act (commerce acts)

pacific railroad act

transcontinental railroad

homestead act

get land if you farm/settle it; 160 acres

pikes peak

first where gold was found