AP Bio FINAL EXAM

The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction

a) gains electrons and gains energy

b) loses electrons and loses energy

c) gains electrons and loses energy

d) loses electrons and gains energy

b) loses electrons and loses energy

Which statement describes the results of this reaction?

C6H12O6+6O2 → 6CO2+6H2O +energy

a) glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced

b) oxygen is oxidized and water is reduced

c) carbon dioxide is reduced and oxygen is oxidized

d) glucose is reduced and carbon dioxide is oxidized

e) oxygen is reduced and carbon dioxide is oxidized

a) glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced

aggression and submission are examples of responses organisms show to a conflict situation. Collectively animal behaviorists refer to these as:

agonistic behavior

when an organism moves directly toward or away from a stimulus:

taxis

the bond that forms between monosaccharides as a result of a condensation synthesis

glycosidic link

One beta-linked monosaccharide _______, i__s used in the formation of cellulose, a molecule that is the primary component in the structure of the _______

beta glucose/ cell wall

Which is not a primary function of the carbohydrates

a) used as identifiers for cell-to-cell communication

b) used as structural/ strengthening components

c) used as energy storage molecules

d) only c is a function

e) all are primary functions of carbohydrates

\

a) used as identifiers for cell-to-cell communication

Example(s) of disaccharides

* maltose
* sucrose

common table sugar is composed of or contains:

* alpha glucose
* fructose
* sucrose

Cellulose plays an important role in our diet

* dietary fiber that helps keep the colon healthy
* as a dietary fiber, cellulose absorbs fats and moves them through the digestive tract and out of the body
* as dietary fiber, cellulose helps to cleanse the digestive tract, moving undigested or indigestible materials through the digestive tract, moving undigested or indigestible materials through the tract

fructose is problematic in our diet because:

* it is not utilized directly by our cells, so it gets stored in the liver
* in the liver, fructose is converted into fat
* excess fat in the liver absorbs the hormone insulin, required to maintain homeostasis of blood sugar levels
* a fatty liver can lead to symptoms of type-II diabetes

IN the Korup forest in Cameroon, a black ant species lives in the hollow branches of the barteria tree. The ants clear algae and fungus from the leaves of the ree, and cut creeping vines away. What type of symbiosis?

mutualism

A highly branched starch _______, may be found as an energy storage carbohydrate in animals tissues

glycogen

the carbohydrates most responsible for energy storage in nature tend to be composed of:

alpha-linked monosaccharides

the carbohydrates most responsible for structural and strengthening components in nature tend to be composed of:

beta-linked monosaccharides

The alpha-linked polysaccharides have a tendency to form which of the following secondary structures?

alpha-helices

A derivative carbohydrate that functions as an intermediary in energy transfer

fructose-1, 6 diphosphate and sugar phosphate3

the most significant source of fructose in the American diet is

high fructose corn syrup used as the sweetener in most soft drinks

many animals, including man, are not capable of utilizing cellulose produced by plants because:

they don’t have the enzymes capable of breaking beta-bonds

Amino sugars are usually used as structural components in nature. The polymer chitin, for example, is used in the __---__ of the ---------

exoskeletons, arthropods

if you were to decide to go on a really long hike and had to pack your food in with you, which of the following foodstuffs would provide the greatest source of energy with least mass?

a pound of margarine

the bond that forms from the synthesis that produces a triglyceride from fatty acids tails and a glycerol molecule is called:

ester linkage

in general, which of the following foods would be rich in saturated fats?

* animal fat
* whole milk
* butter
* lard
* foods containing partially hydrogenated soybean oil, like Little Debbie’s snack cakes

specialization of the type we see among organisms in the Korup leaves organisms in such communities highly susceptible to:

* any alteration of the ecosystem, like human incursion, deforestation, global climate change
* extinction

which of the following can contribute to density-dependent regulation of populations?

intraspecific competition for nutrients

which of the following abiotic factors can affect the structure and organization of biological communities

* precipitation, wind, nutrient availability, soil pH, predation, competition, temp, water

which of the following is true with respect to oligotrophic lakes and eutrophic lakes

* oligotrophic lakes are relatively high in oxygen levels
* rates of photosynthesis are higher in eutrophic lakes intiially as algal colonies grow
* eutrophic lake water contains higher concentrations of nutrients, especially N, P, and K
* sediments in oligotrophic lakes contain low leels of decompoable organic matter
* sediments in eutrophic lakes contain high levels of decomposable organic matter

what would be a likely entry for box A?

fertilizers washed into the lake

to measure the population of lake trout in a 250 hectare lake, 200 individuals were netted and marked with a fin clip, and then returned to the lake. A week later, the lake is netted again, and out of the 200 lake trout that are caught, 60 have fin clips. using the capture-recapture estimate, the lake trout population size could be closest to which?

800

the sum total of an organism’s interaction with the biotic and abiotic resources of its environment is called

ecological niche

generalized global air circulation and precipitation patterns are caused by:

rising, warm, moist air masses cool and release precipitation as they rise and then at high altitude, coll and sink back to the surface as dry air masses after moving north or south of the tropics

an ecologist recorded 12 white-tailed deer, per square mile in one woodlot and 20 per square mile on another woodlot. What was the ecologist comparing?

density

which assumptions have to be made regarding the capture-recapture estimate of population size?

* marked and unmarked individuals have the same probability of being trapped
* the marked individuals have thoroughly mixed with the population after being marked
* no individuals have entered or left the population by immigration or emigration

which of the following groups would be most likely to exhibit uniform dispersion

cardinals, who actively defend territories

the three basic variables that make up the life history of an organism are

* age when reproduction begins
* how often reproduction occurs
* how many offspring are produced per reproductive episode

which curve best describes survivorship in a marine crustacean that molts?

D

which curve best describes survivorship of cockroaches

E

which curve best describes survivorship in elephants

A

field observation suggests taht populations of a particular species of herbivorous mammal undero cyclic fluctuations in density at three-five year intervals. Which of the following represent a plausible explanation of these cycles?

* periodic crowding affects the endocrine system, resulting in increased aggressiveness
* increases in popluation density lead to increased rates of predation
* increases in rates of herbivory lead to changes in the nutritive value of plants used as food
* increases in pop. density lead to more proximal infestations of parasites to host animals

a species of fish is found to require a certain water temp, a particular oxyen content of water, a particular depth, a rocky substrate on the bottom, and a variety of nutrients in the form of microscopic plants and animals to thrive

ecological niche

white-breasted nuthatches and downy woodpeckers both eat insects that hide in the furrows of bark in hardwood trees. The downy woodpecker searches for insects by hunting from the bottom of the tree trunk to the top, while the White--breasted nuthatch searches from the top of the trunk down. These hunting behaviors best illustrate which of the following ecological concepts?

* resource partitioning

the hig levels of pesticides found in birds of prey is an example of

biological magnification

which of the following is a conclusion that can be drawn from this graph

there appears to be a negative correlation between brood enlargements and parental survival

which population is in th eprocess of increase?

I

which of the following graphs illustrates the population growth curve of single bacterium growing in a flask of ideal medium at optimum temp over a 24 hour period

C (exponential growth)

which of the following graphs illustrates the growth curve of a small pop. of rodents that has grown to reach a static carrying capcity

e exponential growth that eventually caps

barnacle question

competitive exclusion

food chains are sometimes short because

most of the energy in a trophic level is lost as it passes to the next higher level

for most terrestrial ecosystems, pyramids of numbers, biomass, and energy are essentially the same- they have a broad base and a narrow top. The primary reason for this pattern is that:

at each step, energy is lost from the system as a result of keeping the organisms alive

A flock of 100 Canada gesse lands and spends the night during a fall migration. What could you do to eliminate error in your study as a result of this event

find out how much nitrogen is consumed and eliminated by a Canada goose over about a 12-hour period and multiply this number by 100; enter this +/- value into the nitrogen budget of the ecosystem.

what would be a likely entry for box A?

fertilizers washed into the lake

what would be a likely entry of box B?

* plants and algae produce less oxygen
* decomposer population carries on cellular respiration and uses up oxygen

why are ecologist concerned about the shift in date from May 28 in 1980 to May 15 in 2000 of the caterpillar peak mass?

the flycatcher nestlings in 2000 will miss the peak mass of caterpillars and may not be as well fed

the synthesis that forms a triglyceride from fatty acid tails and a glycerol molecule is called

ester linkage

the phospholipid bilayer is composed of molecule containing all of the following components

* fatty acid tails
* phosphate containing group
* a dehydrated glycerol

(doesn’t have a carboxyl group)

lipids are used as energy storage molecules in the animals rather than carbohydrates because

* they are more efficient energy storage molecules
* carbohydrates break down easily
* animals are motile, therefore they need more stable storage molecules

lipids perform which of the following major functions in living tissue:

* they form the relatively impermeable barriers that delineate cells (membranes)
* they are used as chemical signals to carry messages to different parts of the body
* they act as light absorbing pigments in plants

Function of phospholipids

they form the relatively impermeable barriers that delineate cells (membranes)

although we get plenty of fat in our diet, cholesterol, one of the fats we are supposed to avoid, plays several important roles:

* cholesterol is the basic structural molecule upon which steroidal hormones are built
* cholesterol molecules within the phospholipid bilayer help to promote stability within biological membranes
* (not essential nutrient in human diet)

LDL’s and HDL’s: which is considered dangerous to human health and why

* LDL’s are dangerous because they stick to the walls of blood vessels, forming plaque
* plaque lining blood vessels can lead to blockage that increases blood pressure and reduces the flexibility of affected vessels
* plaque formation may lead to atherosclerosis

HDL’s actually function in our bodies to do which of the following

help remove LDL’s from our digestive tract and blood vessels, reducing LDL’s in our blood

Which of the following are considered HDL’s, or sources of HDL’s in our diet

* unsaturated fats
* omega-3 fatty acids

some athletes have been known to use an anabolic steroid called androstenedione. this steroid functions as a precursor to

testosterone

The biggest concern with respect to the use of anabolic steroids is that they:

* increase risk of high blood pressure
* increase risk of muscle and tendon damage
* reduce bone growth resulting in reduced final height
* increase risk of heat attack, liver disease, and some kinds of cancer
* mood swings including depression and dangerous aggression

the monomers of the amino acids are:

peptides

a peptides contains which of the following functional groups

* COOH
* NH2

a description of a protein as a single, linear chain containing a particular sequence of amino acids describes the ------ structure of the protein

primary

a description of a protein by the position of peptides in a three-dimensional, globular construct

tertiary

potential cause of the secondary regional folding in a polypeptide chain

* disulfide bridging
* ionic bonding
* hydrogen bonding
* van der Waal’s interaction
* hydrophobic interaction

(not covalent bonding other than disulfide bridge)

If a C=O and an N-H group are placed in proximity of each other during secondary folding of a polypeptide chain they might form a

hydrogen bond or van der Waal’s interaction

Which of the following are examples of an alpha-helix

* keratin
* actin
* myosin
* elastin

(not silk)

A fibrous protein used where there is a need for a strong- rigid, and unstretchable structural component

gamma-helix

amino acids contain which of the following functional groups by definition

* carboxyl group (COOH)
* amino group (NH2)

Which of the following organic compounds involves a phosphorylation in their formation

* phospholipids
* nucleotides

which of the following organic compounds involves an esterification in their formation

* phospholipids
* triglycerides

The polarity of the NH2 group is due to

* the relative sizes of the N and H nuclei
* the stronger attration of e’s to the N nucleus

an aggregate protein composed of globular subunits describes which of the following levels of protein structure

quaternary

an aggregate protein composed of four myoglobin subunits, the protein component of red blood cells

hemoglobin

which of the following are examples of gamma-helix

collagen (not keratin, silk, actin, or myosin)

a reaction in which energy is being released is called

exergonic

in an anabolic reaction, which of the following would best describe the “ free energy”

endergonic

the synthesis of a polypeptide from peptide monomers would be best described as

endergonic and anabolic

the process by which starch decomposes to form alpha-glucose monomers is called

hydrolysis

one would expect that the ------- the concentration of enzyme, the ----- the rate of reaction

higher/higher

lower/lower

When a protein configuration is change due to heat, pH, or salinity so that it no longer functions as it should

denatured

Enzymes speed the rate of reaction by lowering the ----------- energy, the energy required to drive the reaction

activation

the groove in the surface of a three-dimensional protein molecule acting as an enzyme, the site at which reactants bind, is called the ----------

active site

the molecule or ion that is required to bind to the active site of an enzyme to activate that enzyme so it can bind reacts is called:

* a cofactor, especially if it’s a cofactor
* a coenzyme, especially if it is another protein
* a prosthetic group, especially if it is an organic molecule other than a protein

In the equation below, the enzyme catalase is working as a(n)

catalyst

in the exposure of furit to air, liike a cut apple or avocado, the flesh undergoes a color change resulting from a catalyzed reaction as depicted. How would we most appropriately depict this reaction?

anabolic

the oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain, combining with H+ to form H2O

Redox of cellular respiration:

C6H12O6 is oxidized, O2 is reduced

The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water is -686 kcal/mole and the free energy for the reduction of NAD+ to NADH is +53 kcal/mole. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed

Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose remains in pyruvate one of the products of glycolysis

approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose in cellular respiration

38 (or 36)

Figure 10.1 shows the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll and the action spectrum for photosynthesis. Why are they different?

Other pigments absorb light in addition to chlorophyll a, the antenna pigments, like beta-carotene

CAM plants keep stomata closed during the day, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they:

fix CO2 into organic acids during the night

Which produces the most ATP when glucose is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water?

oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)

In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in the production of

ATP, CO2, and ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

Products of glycolysis

ATP, NADH, and Pyruvate