25. Early Humans

Homo habilis

An early species of the genus Homo known as the "Handy Man." Approximately 2.4–1.4 million years ago (mya).

Homo habilis Tools

Known for making and using basic stone tools.

Homo habilis Brain Size

Had a relatively larger brain size of approximately 500–700 cc compared with earlier hominins.

Homo habilis Skull

Had a more rounded skull compared with earlier hominins.

Homo erectus

A species of the genus Homo known for major advances in tool use, fire use, and adaptation to diverse environments. Approximately 1.9 million years ago to 110,000 years ago.

Homo erectus Migration

The first hominin species widely recognized as having migrated out of Africa and spread into diverse environments.

Homo erectus Tools

Used advanced stone tools such as hand axes.

Homo erectus Fire

Associated with the controlled use of fire.

Homo erectus Brain Size

Had a larger brain of approximately 900–1,100 cc.

Homo erectus Body Proportions

Had more modern human-like body proportions that supported long-distance travel and endurance hunting.

Homo neanderthalensis

A species of the genus Homo adapted to cold climates and known for large brains, skilled hunting, advanced tools, and cultural behaviors. Approximately 400,000–40,000 years ago (ya).

Homo neanderthalensis Adaptation

Had stocky body builds adapted to cold climates.

Homo neanderthalensis Brain Size

Had a large brain averaging approximately 1,450 cc.

Homo neanderthalensis Hunting

Skilled hunters who used advanced tools.

Homo neanderthalensis Cultural Behaviors

Cultural behaviors included burials, art, and possibly language.

Homo sapiens

The species of modern humans, characterized by advanced tools, symbolic thought, and complex social structures. Approximately 300,000 years ago (ya) to the present.

Homo sapiens Characteristics

Advanced tool use, symbolic thought, and complex social structures.

Homo sapiens Global Spread

Spread across the globe and adapted to diverse environments.

Homo sapiens Cultural Development

Developed agriculture, civilizations, and increasingly advanced technologies.