Biology Transport Mechanism

Passive Transport

cell doesnt use energy

Active Transport

cell does use energy

Passive Transport

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

Diffusion

high concentration to low concentration of molecules

Facilitated Diffusion

too large so it needs protein channels

Osmosis

high to low concentration on water

Active Transport

Protein pumps, vesicular/bulk transport

Protein pumps

membrane proteins that use ATP to move substances

vesicular/bulk transport

too large molecules uses vesicles to move

Active Transport

energy is utilized, movement of ions takes place against concentration gradient, specific carrier required, cellular respiratory rate, enzyme are involved

Passive Transport

No energy is utilized, movement of ions takes place favoring concentration gradient, no carrier is required, no charge, no enzymes are involved

Diffusion

solute transport is from the left to right, movement of the solutes is due to the concentratiob gradient

Osmosis

is the process of moving water across a semi permeable membrane towards ion or solute rich region in a solution

Tonicity

is the ability of a solution to affect fluod volume and pressure eithin a cell and this depends on concentration and permeability of solute

Isotonic solution

solution with the same solute concebtratiob as that of the cytosol, normal saline

Hypotonic solution

lower concentration of nonpermeating solutes

hypotonic solution

cell absorb water, swell and may burst (lyse)

Glucose and Galactose

Secondary active transport with Na+

Fructose

Facilitated diffusion

Amino acids

Active transport or secindary active transport with Na+

Dipeptides, Tripeptides

secondary active transport with H+

short-chain fatty acids

simple diffusion

Villi

finger liked projections found in small intestine. Increase the surface area for faster absorption

Microvilli

tiny projections on the surface of each epithelial cell, together they form the brush border, increase the surface area even more, allowing maximum nutrient absorptoon

epithelial cells

cells covering the villus, absorb nutrients from the intestines, have many microvilli on their surface

Capillaries

tiny blood vessels inside the villus, carry glucose, amino acids,vitamins,minerals and water soluble nutrients into the bloodstream

Simple Diffusion

Lipophilie substances can enter cells easily because they diffuse through the lipid portiob of the membrane ex fatty acuds, steroids, alcohol, oxygen, carbon dioxide and ulea

channel-mediated diffusion

membrane channels are transmembrane proteins, only 0.8 nm in diameter

channel-mediated diffusion

used by ions, very small water soluble compounds, much complex than simple diffusion

size and charge of the ion

affects which channels it can pass through

glucose and amino acids

are insoluble in lipids and too large to fit through membrane channels

Lacteal

a lymphatic vessel found in the center of the villus, absorbs fatty acids and glycerol (ehich are packaged into chylomicrons) and transports them through the lymphatic system before they enter the blood

Endocytosis

it is a process by which the large number of particles are taken with forming the vesicle into the cell

Phagocytosis

it is a process by which the large number of particles are engulfed into the cell

Pinocytosis

it is a process by which the large number of particles which are soluble in water are taken into the cell

Bumlk Transport

the movement of large number of ions, molecules or particles that are dissolve or carried in a medium such as fluid or aie is called bulk flow

hydrostatic pressure

rate of bulk transport is determined by the differences in _____on air pressure

Uniport

transports one substance in one direction outside of cell

Symport

transport two different substances in the same direction

Antiport

transport two different substances in opposite directions

Primary active transport

the sodium-potassium pump moves Na+1 using the energy of ATP hydrolysis to establish a concentration gradient of Na+1

Secondary active transport

Na+1 moving wih the concentration gradient established by the sodium pump druves the transport of glucose against its concentration gradient

Sodiun-potassium pump

found in many cells

Calcium pump

found in membrane of sarcoplasmic reticulum

Potassoun-hydrogen pump

found in gastrointestine cell membrane

Calcoum Pump

is an ATP dependent membrane protein that actively transports Ca2+ ions against their concentration gradient it helps maintain a low intracellular calcium concentrationy which is essential for normal cell function

Potassium Hydrogen Pump

is a primary active transport proteib that uses ATP to exchange hydrogen ions (H+) for potassiun ions (K+) across cell membrane

Sarcoplasmic

a specialized type of smooth endoplasmic reticulum found only in muscle cells.